Gilyarovsky king of reporting. Summary: Who is the true "King of reporting"? "three thousand shaved old women"
The outstanding Russian reporter Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky is known to readers from books "My Wanderings", "Moscow and Muscovites", "Moscow Newspaper", which tell a fascinating story about his work as a newspaperman.
Three Moscow publications were lucky enough to have Gilyarovsky as their permanent reporter - Moskovsky Listok, Russkiye Vedomosti and Russkiy Slovo. The reports and other materials of Gilyarovsky contributed to the popularity of the publications on the pages of which they were published. So, report on the Khodynka disaster of 1896, published in Russkiye Vedomosti, is the only one in the entire Russian and world press that told the truth about the tragedy that happened during the coronation of the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II. However, Gilyarovsky began his literary activity, including reporting, much earlier and much more modestly in the newspaper Moskovsky Listok.
In the autumn of 1881, returning from a theatrical tour of Russia, Gilyarovsky (as you know, this restless man experienced many professions, including the role of a provincial actor) for the first time joined the professional work of a newspaper journalist - a few little things (poems, anecdotes) in " Russian newspaper" and then - "Moscow leaf", just discovered by N.I. Pastukhov.
Inviting Gilyarovsky to Moskovsky Leaf as a reporter, Pastukhov demanded, first of all, "speed of information about incidents." The journalist was charged with the duty to know everything that was happening in Moscow and its environs. Gilyarovsky developed in himself the obligatory qualities, necessary condition successful reporting - truthfulness, efficiency, high awareness. He compiled a circle of reliable sources (this was especially important) additional information, which went beyond the information of official city, police and other institutions. It was not for nothing that Gilyarovsky later laughed at the police more than once, declaring: "... my agents are better than yours."
In May 1882, the All-Russian Art Exhibition opened in Moscow, which brought a lot of “revival and bustle” into the life of the city. There were a lot of people at the exhibition interesting people. But Gilyarovsky did not deliver reports from the exhibition. His theme remained the same: urban accidents - fires, murders, thefts, crashes. Nevertheless, he "gathered dust all day at the Exhibition", learning the city's news.
He made acquaintances everywhere: watchmen at railway stations, scribes in offices, slum dwellers, innkeepers, hotel servants, hunters, firefighters - "their own people" who told him where what had happened. However, Gilyarovsky himself tried to visit the site of every significant incident, and especially at fires - he even had special permission to ride fire wagons.
Gilyarovsky's efficiency is well illustrated by the following case. It was in 1885. “In search of a sensation for the Voice of Moscow” V.M. Doroshevich learned that a watchman and a watchman had been stabbed to death in a barn at a railway booth near Petrovsko-Razumovsky. Full of hope to give a novelty, he rushed to the scene on foot. Having waved ten versts in the July heat, he found more corpses in place. Having made a description of the situation, having collected information, he asked permission to enter the booth where the forensic investigator was interrogating.
Very often Gilyarovsky was the first and often the only witness of any important incident.
One can speak about the first reportage authentically belonging to him only by revealing the number 57 dated October 5, 1881. It was a report on the murder in Troitsky Posad, signed in abbreviated form “Vl. Mr. The following year, the reporter's activity of the journalist received a more definite expression: there were significantly more materials signed with his own name and Gilyarovsky's well-known pseudonyms - "Traveling Cornet", "The Own Man".
Kolomna was the first city near Moscow, from where Gilyarovsky's reporters' notes and reports came from. Already in 1882, in the section of the newspaper “Across Towns and Villages”, a note was placed “From Kolomna. From our correspondent”, which can be considered with sufficient reason both by the nature of the presentation and by the scene of the incident as belonging to Gilyarovsky, although it is not signed.
Then Gilyarovsky's correspondence in the newspaper goes more and more often. In the same heading "Across towns and villages" there is correspondence from Serpukhov signed "A Cornet Passing". This is a report of a robbery and murder. And soon the famous reporter's reports of a journalist about the fire of a workers' barracks in Orekhovo-Zuyevo signed "Your man". Later in the "Telegrams" section - message about a terrible catastrophe on the Kursk railway. It was a telegram from Gilyarovsky, who accidentally, while visiting M.V. Lentovsky, found out about the crash and immediately, on his own initiative, without informing even the editors, went to the scene. Illegally, hiding in a train car, he was the first of the journalists, ahead of other reporters by almost two days, to arrive at the crash site. And for fourteen days, Moskovsky Listok printed messages “from a messenger correspondent” “From the crash site on the Kursk railway”, signed by the full name of the author - Vl. Gilyarovsky.
In 1882, Gilyarovsky published a number of reporters' reports on fires, horse races, etc. Such reports are devoid of personal overtones, they are short and factographic. Some of these materials bear the undoubted signs of a reportage - they feel the direct impression of the author, the text contains elements of an operational interview and a lot of details that are accessible only to the pen of an eyewitness. They drew the attention of both readers and professional journalists, and articles about Orekhovo-Zuyevo and the Kukuevsk disaster became models of reporters' reports.
In the spring of 1883, Gilyarovsky again went on tour with the theater V.N. Andreev-Burlak. In the fall, upon returning from a trip, he becomes an employee Newspaper "Russkiye Vedomosti" who decided to improve her reporting part.
The first year of Gilyarovsky's work in the newspaper, his publications are anonymous. In the heading "Moscow News" almost daily there are reports of fires, incidents, trotting races, but it is almost impossible to identify Gilyarovsky's materials among them. All reports about races and races, about fires, as in the "Moskovsky list", are brief, do not carry individual signs, characteristic features style and do not have a signature. They only appear in the following, 1884.
Published in 1886 reportage on the fire at Khludov's factory in Yegoryevsk. This is a vivid example of Gilyarovsky's extensive "fire" reporting.
Gilyarovsky described the solar eclipse in Klin and the flight of D.I. Mendeleev on hot-air balloon during a rare unusual natural phenomenon. This event was devoted to the well-known article-report by Gilyarovsky "Solar eclipse near Moscow".
The second period of fruitful work in Moscow newspapers was preceded by a relatively short period of time when Gilyarovsky was an employee Petersburg newspaper "Russia" A.V. Amfiteatrov. In 1899, at the request of the editors, he was in charge of the Moscow branch of this newspaper. His duty was to report by telephone to the editorial office the most important Moscow news.
Amfiteatrov demanded sensational news from his Moscow colleague, and Gilyarovsky decided to go to the Balkans. A total of seven Balkan materials were printed. The despotic policy of the Serbian king Milan and the police terror in the country became, thanks to the correspondence of a Russian journalist, the subject of universal condemnation, which contributed to the exposure of the anti-people policy of the Serbian ruler and saved the lives of many Serbs.
The beginning of the new century for Gilyarovsky was marked by the fact that he again became an active reporter for a large Moscow newspaper " Russian word». He worked there for over ten years.
In 1902, Gilyarovsky published in the Russian Word a large series of essays, sketches, articles, correspondence on Bulgarian theme. These were memories conveying the impressions of the celebration in Bulgaria of the 25th anniversary of the victory in the War of Liberation of 1877-1878. against Turkish enslavement. All these materials are written in the manner of enthusiastic travel notes and are descriptions of the final battles that were played out on the sites of historical battles on the days of the anniversary.
It's in the newspaper Gilyarovsky's report "Homeless", which refers to the lack of proper medical care for women in childbirth in the city and the frequent case of a child being born right on the street.
Gilyarovsky's newspaper speeches in the "Russian Word" in 1903 - 1904. are also interesting because in them he raises questions professional work reporters. This reportage articles “By their own negligence”, “Three thousand shaved old women” and some others. The author ridicules clichés in reporter practice, reveals serious shortcomings in the work of criminal reporters, mocks Khlestakovism, lies, characteristic of some bourgeois journalists of their time.
The Russo-Japanese War revealed many flaws in the organization of the supply of the army. Gilyarovsky responded to this topic as well. At the beginning of 1905 he wrote the famous Report "Threads", exposing unscrupulous suppliers of garments for soldiers and officers. The military theme was also reflected in his reporter's sketches, made on the basis of conversations with soldiers who returned to Moscow. All of them are dedicated to the heroism of the Russian soldier.
As before, the journalist does not pass by the life of ordinary townspeople-workers. He writes about the tavern sex rooms, about the poverty of the full-time educators (guards, as they were then officially called) of the Orphanage, about the poor state of charitable institutions in the city, about attempts to combat drunkenness, etc.; draws attention to the awakening desire in the people to improve their lives and working conditions.
Gilyarovsky convincingly showed that the material written after the event (even memories) can be well conveyed precisely in the genre and style of reporting. In this regard, his memories of his first balloon flight are indicative. Written for the first time 40 years after the event for the book "My Wanderings", they are read and perceived as a direct reportage that has only come down to us belatedly.
Everyone knows about barge haulers, about the severity of their work, but only in Gilyarovsky the reader will feel professional features burlachistvo. His notes make it possible to present realistically, visibly the work and life of barge haulers, their position, working day, meals, rest, reveal their psychology and behavior. The description of barge work in the book "My wanderings" is sustained in a reporter's style, in the dynamics of movement; the author gives bright professional details and details, uses special vocabulary, terminology of barge haulers, their songs-chants (“White poodle steps, steps ...”), etc.
Like all Gilyarovsky's newspaper reports, the story about bartering is written in such detail, in such detail that any question that arises in the reader as he reads is resolved in the text itself. The narrative seems to provide for possible perplexity of the reader. This is a property of all Gilyarovsky's reports - no ambiguities with a very economical manner of presentation.
In Gilyarovsky's reports, one can often find indications that he himself was an eyewitness to the events, descriptions of how and when he arrived at the scene, from whom he received the necessary information, etc. The journalist almost never made secrets from this.
A feature of Gilyarovsky as a reporter, correspondent, was that he did not overload his materials with details that were not related to the merits of the case. His impressions of any reporter's trip were much broader and richer than the information that he usually placed in the newspapers and which was necessary to cover the event.
In any event, Gilyarovsky sees not only a plot plot, his main attention is always given to people - direct participants in the events and those who are only present (like him) at the same time.
Gilyarovsky does not avoid poetic comparisons, landscape sketches. However, such poetic devices are used by him with extreme restraint, with a sense of proportion.
In 1887, a large material by Gilyarovsky appeared. "Catching dogs in Moscow". In terms of genre, this is an indisputable report, although with elements of an article in it, especially where it talks about the rules for catching dogs on the streets of the city. In order to fully understand the mechanism of catching dogs, the motives that guide the persons assigned to this case, Gilyarovsky turned to people engaged in such a trade as a man who allegedly lost a dog. This is the case when you can say: a reporter changes his profession. Such a position made it possible not only to get acquainted with the unsightly conditions of keeping the captured dogs at a certain Gribanov, but also with the mercenary behavior that encouraged the kidnapping of purebred dogs, with violations of the instructions for isolating homeless animals.
Gilyarovsky wrote a lot about tragedies: murders, robberies, fires, about people dying of hunger and cold, about the victims of railway and other disasters, doomed to death of workers. But, despite this, there is never a sense of hopelessness in his reports.
Another important quality distinguishes Gilyarovsky as a journalist: constant sincere attention to working people and their living conditions. IN report "From the Guslitsky fire"(1887), the journalist does not forget to note: “The hero of the day in the village was the 13-year-old boy Gavrilo Lavrentiev”, who saved his younger brother from a burning hut.
He wrote more than once about the heroic behavior of firefighters in extinguishing the fire.
"Moscow and Muscovites"- the main, most famous book of Gilyarovsky. It absorbed more than half a century of impressions about Moscow and its inhabitants.
The first, very brief, acquaintance with Moscow took place in 1873, when the writer was at the cadet school. “I remember how we walked along Pokrovka, along Ilyinka, and ended up on the Arbat. Everything occupied me, everything surprised me ”(quote from the book). But these impressions were short-lived.
The second time Gilyarovsky came to Moscow in 1881 and since then he has not left it, with the exception of reporter's business trips and a short rest in the Zadonsk steppes. For many years he studied the city's slums, streets and lanes, got acquainted with the life and way of life of the inhabitants of the city.
He began working on the book shortly after the October Revolution.
In 1926 the first edition of the book appeared. It had only 5 chapters, telling about markets, slums, taverns and a debtor's prison-pit. The interest in these objects was caused by the fact that the Moscow Council began to destroy them. Then Gilyarovsky writes new chapters and publishes a book in 1931 called Notes of a Muscovite. He does not stop there either, continuing to refine and replenish the book with new chapters until the end of his life.
List of scientific literature Nesyn, Evgeny Nikolaevich, dissertation on the topic "Journalism"
1. Abarenkova E.B. Literary impromptu uncle Gilyai // Literature at school. - 1998. - No. 6. - S. 60-67.
2. Abarenkova E. V. Moscow of Gilyarovsky: Impromptu Uncle Gilyaya // Our contemporary. 1997. - No. 9. - S. 218-224.
3. Akopov A.I. Periodicals. Rostov-on-Don. - 1999. - 91s.
4. Alekseev K. A. Sports press Russia XIX beginning of XX centuries: historical and typological analysis // Avtoref. dis. . Candidate of Philological Sciences: 10.01.10 - St. Petersburg, 2008.-27 p.
5. Arinin V. Gilyarovsky on Lake Kubenskoye // Krasny Sever. - 2005. -№28.
6. Akhmadulin E. V. The history of Russian journalism at the beginning of the 20th century. - Rostov n / D, 2008. 389 p.
7. Akhmadulin E.V. Fundamentals of the theory of journalism. M. Rostov n / a, 2008.-317 p.
8. Babuk O.A. Autobiographical essay by A. V. Kairova // Russian Archive: History of the Fatherland in evidence and documents of the 18th-20th centuries: Almanac. Electronic resource. / 2001. Access mode: http://magazines.russ.ru - pp. 375-387.
9. Bazhenov A. Thank you, Uncle Gilai! // Moscow. 2004. - No. 4. - S. 203221.
10. Barashev P.A. Half a line about the report // Journalist. 1967. - No. 12.- S. 46-52
11. Belyaeva L. I. Accounting for psychological patterns and properties of attention in cultural and educational work. M., 1960. - S. 14-15.
12. Vnuchkov B. Letters of Gilyarovsky // Krasny Sever. 1974. - No. 38.
13. Voroshilin I. Reporting and reporter // Red print. 1926. - No. 16. P.47.
14. Gilyarovsky V.A. Friends and meetings. M.: Sov. lit., - 1934. - 230 p.
15. Gilyarovsky V.A. On life's road. Vologda: Vologda. book. publishing house, 1959.-238 p.
16. Gilyarovsky V.A. Sobr. cit.: In 4 volumes. T.1. M.: Polygraphic resources, 1999.-463 p.
17. Gilyarovsky V.A. Sobr. cit.: In 4 volumes. V.2. M.: Polygraphic resources, 1999.-470 p.
18. Gilyarovsky V.A. Sobr. cit.: In 4 vols. T.Z. M.: Polygraphic resources, 1999.-424 p.
19. Gilyarovsky V.A. Sobr. cit.: In 4 volumes. T.4. M.: Polygraphic resources, 1999.-428 p.
20. Global trends in the development of print media Electronic resource. / Access mode: http://www.mediaatlas.ru.
21. Gorokhov V.M. Laws of publicistic creativity. M., -1975.- 180 p.
22. Gryazev A. Autographs of Uncle Gilyaya // Young Russia. - 1995. - No. 2. - S. 26-28.
23. Gura V.V. V. A. Gilyarovsky (1853 1935) // V. V. Gura. Russian writers in the Vologda region. - Vologda: Vologda regional publishing house, - 1951. - S. 109-111.
24. Gura V. V. Life and books of “Uncle Gilyai” // V. V. Gura. From the springs of life. 1959.-245 p.
25. Gura V.V. The Life and Books of Uncle Gilyai. Vologda: Vologda. book. publishing house, - 1959.-55 p.
26. Gurevich S. M. Newspaper report. M., 1963. - 132 p.
28. Dalsky V. Epigrams of Gilyarovsky // Literary Russia. -1982.- 16.04
30. Dobrynin N.F. Arbitrary and post-arbitrary attention // Uchenye zapiski of the Moscow City Pedagogical Institute. Potemkin. M., 1953, - T. 62, - Issue. 3. - S. 62.
31. Dyakov I.V. Picture // Literary Russia. 1983. - No. 49. - S.16.17.
32. Evstratov P. Impromptu Uncle Gilai // Week. 1991. - No. 28.
33. Esin B.I. V.A. Gilyarovsky on the work of a reporter // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 10 Journalism. 2003. - No. 6. - p.51
34. Esin B.I. History of Russian journalism (1703-1917), M., 2001.1. p.67
35. Esin B.I. Russian pre-revolutionary newspaper (1702-1917). M., 1971. - P.50.
36. Esin B.I. Reports by V.A.Gilyarovsky. M., 1985. - 112 p.
37. Esin B.I. Russian newspaper and newspaper business in Russia. Tasks and theoretical and methodological principles of study. -M. Publishing House of Moscow State University. 1981. - 132 p.
38. Esin B.I. Selected pages of Russian journalism at the beginning of the 20th century - M., 2001.-218 p.
39. Esin B.I. 1702-2002. From century to century: From the history of Russian journalism - sticks M.5 2002. - 233 p.
40. Esin B.I. Journey into the past. M., 1983. - 160 p.
41. Esin B.I. Methods of studying and teaching the history of Russian journalism at the faculties of journalism of state universities. -M., 1987.-111 p.
42. Esin B. I., Kuznetsov I. V. Three hundred years of domestic journalism (1702-2002). M., 2002. - 222 p.
43. Esin B.I. History of Russian journalism of the 19th century. M., 2008303 p.
44. Zheleznyak V. Impromptu Gilyarovsky // Krasny Sever. 1948.34.
45. A riddle for researchers // Moskovskaya Pravda. 1966. - No. 200
46. Zuev A. Memorable meetings // Don. 1964. - No. 6. - S. 179-183.
47. History of Russian journalism 18-19 centuries. // Ed. L.Gromova. -SPb., -2005.-600 p.
48. Kalenistov L. Gilyarovsky and Chaliapin // Krasny Sever. 1994. -№104.
49. Kim M.N. Technology of creating a journalistic work. - St. Petersburg, 2001. - 320 p.
50. Kiseleva E., Abarenkova E. Gilyarovsky's Moscow: Unknown pages // Our contemporary. 1997. - No. 9. - S. 213-218.
51. Kiseleva E. G. Uncle Gilai: I am a reporter // Journalist. 1978. - No. 7. -S. 74-78.
52. Kiseleva E.G. Gilyarovsky and artists. L., - 1965. - 197 p.
53. Kiseleva E. Stories about Uncle Gilyai. M., - 1983. - 254 p.
54. Kozlova M.M. History of domestic mass media. - Ulyanovsk, 2000. 104 p.
55. Kornilov E.A. Journalism at the turn of the millennium. Rostov-on-Don, 1999.-620 p.
56. King of Reporters, Uncle Gilai // Kolodny L.E. Journey to Moscow. M.: Voice, 1997. - S.437-453.
57. Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. M., 1971. 291 p.
58. Kroichik L.E. System of journalistic genres. // Fundamentals of the creative activity of a journalist. SPb., 2000. - S. 130.
59. Kruglov A.V. About the living and the dead. M., 1899. - S.671-672.
60. Krysin L.P. Explanatory dictionary of foreign words. M., 2009. - 7021. S.
61. Lazutina G.V. Professional ethics of a journalist. -M., 1999. -206 p.
62. Lazutina G.V. Fundamentals of the creative activity of a journalist. M., 2000.-238 p.
63. Less A. Gilyarovsky and Sedov // Don. 1959. - No. 3. - S. 144-146.
64. Less A. The case with "Vladimirka" // Less A. Unread pages: Stories. M., 1966. - S. 36-38.
65. Less A. In the apartment of Uncle Gilyaya // Neva. 1956. - No. 12. - S. 172-174.
66. Letenkov E. He was called the king of reporting // Neva. 1986. - No. 5. - S. 187-191.
67. Lobanov V.M. Countertops of Uncle Gilyai. M., 1972. - 183 p.
68. Lykova I. Vladimir Gilyarovsky relative of Fandorin // Seven days. - 2005. - No. 48-49. - pp. 68-75
69. Makarova O. “The Case of Kairova” and its trace in the biography of A.S. Suvorin // UFO No. 75 Electronic resource. / 2005 Access mode: http://www.iriagazines.russ.ru/nlo.
70. Manaenko G.N. The functioning of a complicated sentence in a journalistic text: an information-discursive approach// Avtoref. diss. Doctor of Philology: 10.02.19, 10.01.10. Rostov-on-Don, 2004. -42 p.
71. Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 vols. T. 4. - M., 1960. - S. 128-129
72. Malyninskiy A.P. The first Russian reporter. (Historical reference) // Historical Bulletin, 1886. T. 24. - No. 5. - S. 389.
73. Melnik G.S., Teplyashina A.N. Actual problems modernity and journalism. SPb., 2005. - 241 p.
74. Milykh M.K. Reporting style // Stylistics of newspaper genres. M., 1981. - S.46-70
75. Mitrofanov A. Gilyarovsky. -M., 2008. 307 p.
76. Mikhasik O. About Gilyarovsky // Krasny Sever. 1988. - No. 92
77. Morozov I. I. Forty years with Gilyarovsky. M.: Mosk. Worker, -1963.- 143 p.
78. Moscow, Stoleshnikov, 9 // Laskina A. Remain in memory: Conversations and meetings. M., - 1991. - S. 179-188
79. Myasnikova JI. “I spent my childhood there, my homeland is there.” II Pyatnitsky Boulevard.-2005.-No. 3. P. 10-11; No. 4.-S. 14-15.
80. Myasnikova JI. N. Where Vladimir Gilyarovsky was born // Krasny Sever.-2005.-№25.
81. Nesyn E.H. The Don theme in the work of V.A.Gilyarovsky // Proceedings of the Southern Federal University. Philological Sciences. Rostov n / a, 2010. - No. 2. - P.134-141
82. Nesyn E.H. Problems of studying the history and theory of the reporting genre//Bulletin of the Stavropol State University. - Stavropol, 2010. No. 66. pp. 233-241.
83. Nesyn E.H. Methods of work of the Gilyarovsky reporter //Journalism: history and modernity. - Rostov n / D, 2009. - S.292-295
84. Nesyn E.H. Gilyarovsky - war correspondent//Communication in modern world. Voronezh, 2008. - S.77-78
85. Nesyn E.H. "Journal of Sports" in the creative biography of Vladimir Gilyarovsky//Journalism in 2009: Transformation of media systems in the modern world. Moscow State University, 2010. - S. 524-525
86. Nesyn E.H. Reports by V.A. Gilyarovsky in the capital's newspapers of 1890-1900 //Infonoosphere and mass communications. Rostov n / a, 2008. - S.93-95
88. Hovsepyan R.P. History of the newest domestic journalism. - M., 1999.-S.147
89. Orlov S.I. Russian pre-revolutionary sports journalism. - M., - 1974.-S.80
90. Panshev L. Visiting Uncle Gilai // Krasny Sever. 1983. - No. 30
91. Parygin B. D. Social Psychology like science. L., 1965. - S.137.
92. Pedashenko N. A. Formation and development of newspaper reporting. Genre features//Avtoref.dis. . Candidate of Philological Sciences: 10.01.10 - M., 1972.-29 p.
94. Polyushkova A.E. How it all began. Electronic resource./2005. Access mode http://www.advertology.ru/
95. Problems of information in the press. Essays on theory and practice / / Otv. ed. S. M. Gurevich. -M., 1971. S. 164
96. Pronin E.P. Quantum of reporting // Actual problems of journalism and related fields of knowledge. Krasnodar, 2009. - S. 187
97. The fiftieth anniversary of the newspaper Russkiye Vedomosti (1863-1913). - M., 1915.-S.106
98. Report// TSB. T.20. M., 1978. - S.240.
99. Reportage Electronic resource. Access mode: bjp://gi^1k1pe&a.o^^1k1/Report
100. Romanov A. Tale of Stoleshnikov Lane // Red North. -1983. -#20
102. Rumyantsev V.B. Project "Chronos" Electronic resource. / 2003 - Access mode: http://www.hrono.info
103. Ryabchikov E.V. Reporter and reporter. // Moscow through the eyes of a reporter M., 1966.-p.5
104. Saikin O. Vladimir Gilyarovsky and G.A. Lopatin // Dialogue. 2001.
105. Skrobotov H.A. Petersburg sheet for thirty-five years 1864-1899. Petersburg, 1914. S.51-52
106. Dictionary foreign words. M., 1954. - S.630
107. Sonina E.S. Petersburg universal newspaper of the late 19th century. SPb., 2004. - 356 p.
108. Solganik G.Ya. Stylistics of genres// Stylistics of newspaper genres. -M., 1972. S.101-102
109. Stanko A.I. Journalistic investigations. Rostov n/a, 1997.222 p.
110. Sushinov A. Unknown letter of Gilyarovsky // Krasny Sever. -1968.-№12.
111. Sukhikh I. V. "Moscow text" by the vagabond Gilyai (1926-1935. "Moscow and Muscovites") // Zvezda. 2004. - No. 4. - S. 222-233.
112. Teleshov N.D. Writer's Notes. Stories. -M., 1972. S.163
113. Calf M. A. Gilyarovsky Vladimir Alekseevich // Russian writers. XX century: Bio-bibliographic dictionary. T. 1. A-L. M.: Enlightenment, 1998.-S. 348-350.
114. Tertychny A.A. Genres of periodicals. M., 2003. P. 84 115. Titles, uniforms, orders in the Russian Empire // Ed. B.V. Ananyina.-M.: Nauka, 1991.-S. 112
115. Explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova T.F. Electronic resource. / Access mode http://www.gramota.ru. M., 2001-2002.
116. Hurricanes Electronic resource. / Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/yparaHbi
117. Uchenova V.V. Creative horizons of journalism. M., 1976. -220 p.
118. Fedinsky Yu.I. Methods of working on archival sources of journalism // Methods of studying periodicals // Ed. B.I.Esina. M., 1977, - S.12
119. Khavrak A.P. Philosophy. M., 2003. - S. 122
120. Khazagerov T.G., Width JI.C. general rhetoric. Rostov n / a, 1999. - 320 p.
121. Chekhov A. P. Complete. coll. op. and letters: In 30 volumes. Letters: In 12 volumes. M., 1974-1983.-V.6.-S.142.
122. Chistyakova E.V., Soloviev V.M. Stepan Razin and his associates. Electronic resource. 1988. Access mode http://www.bibliotekar.ru
123. Sherkovin Yu. A. Psychological problems mass information processes. M., 1973. - S. 54
124. Shostak M.I. Reporter: professionalism and ethics M. - 2002.164 p.
125. Shostak M.I. Weekly as a type of publication. Proc. method, manual for students of the faculty. and department of journalism state. Un-tov - M. - 1986. - 51s.
126. Yakovleva A. Gilyarovsky walks around the city // Week. 1986. - No. 29.
127. LIST OF USED SOURCES (Publications by V.A. Gilyarovsky in chronological order)
128. In cities and villages // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 33. In cities and villages // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 140. In cities and villages // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 151. In cities and villages /Orekhovo-Zuyevo/ // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 155.
129. In cities and villages / Trinity-Sergiev Posad / // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 166.
130. In cities and villages / Serpukhov / // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 167.
131. In cities and villages / Kolomna / // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 178. From the crash site on the Kursk railway /from a messenger correspondent/ //Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 182.
132. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 183.
133. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 184.
134. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 186.
135. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 187.
136. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 188.
137. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 189.
138. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 190.
139. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 191.
140. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 192.
141. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 193.
142. From the scene of the disaster on the Kursk railway // Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 194.
143. In cities and villages / from the Nizhny Novgorod fair / / / Moscow sheet. 1882. No. 212.
144. In the province / / Moscow sheet 1882. No. 311. A man and a dog / from a reporter's notebook / III Russian Vedomosti. 1882. No. 148.
145. Doomed / an essay from the life of factory workers / // Russian Vedomosti. 1885. No. 186.
146. Samarin's funeral. // Russian Vedomosti. 1885. No. 225.
147. Provincial actors / a note on the congress of actors in Moscow / // Russian Vedomosti. 1886. No. 176.
148. Catching dogs in Moscow // Russian Vedomosti. 1887. No. 200. Solar eclipse near Moscow // Russkiye Vedomosti. 1887. No. 216.
149. From the Guslitsky fire // Russian Vedomosti. 1887. No. 250. Moscow city slaughterhouses // Russkiye Vedomosti. 1887. No. 262. Because of which? // Russian Vedomosti. 1887. No. 306.
150. Exhibition of Aquariums and Fisheries // Russian Vedomosti. 1888. No. 103. On the stage /from the life of actors/ // Russkiye Vedomosti. 1888. No. 116. The catastrophe of the Moscow-Brest railway // Russkiye Vedomosti. 1888. No. 120.
151. Moscow diary /Pushkin celebrations/ // Russia. 1899. No. 31.
152. Crime// Russia. 1899. No. 53.
153. Rostov-on-Don // Sports Journal. 1899. No. 81.
154. Athletes and the Moscow public // Russia. 1899. No. 87.
155. The horrors of Nizhny Novgorod scooters// Russia. 1899. No. 108.
156. The man who fell from the gallows // Russia. 1899. No. 145.
157. People with a wolf look // Russia. 1899. No. 156
158. Moscow Diary // Russia. 1900. No. 90.
159. In the mountain house // Russian word. 1900. No. 258.
160. Playwrights of the dog hall / / Russian word. 1901. No. 272.
161. Coin factory // Russian word. 1901. No. 293.
162. On fire// Russian word. 1901. No. 345.
163. Gogol in Serbia // Russia. 1902. No. 698.
164. Province. Staraya Ruza /disgrace on the ferry/ // Russian word. 1902. No. 98.
165. Little feuilleton // Russian word. 1902. No. 101. Sketches in the carriage // Russian Word. 1902. No. 112. All people are all people // Russian Word. 1902. No. 136. Drowned man /from the life of athletes/ // Russian Word. 1902. No. 158.
166. Mushroom season /dedicated to young housewives/// Russian word. 1902. No. 196.
167. In Tarnovo and Gabrov // Russian word. 1902. No. 261. Shipka celebrations /from our special correspondent/ //Russian Word. 1902. No. 266.
168. Shipka celebrations// Russian word. 1902. No. 268.
169. Balkan thoughts//Russian word. 1902. No. 296.
170. It's time to // Russian Word. 1902. No. 304.
171. At the bottom" Gorky // Russian word. 1902. No. 349.
172. An hour at the bottom // Russian word. 1902. No. 352.
173. Anniversary of the Sheinovsky battle // Russian word. 1902. No. 358.
174. Memo last year // Sports Journal. 1903. No. 1.
175. Pushkin's relatives by wife // Russian Word. 1903. No. 28.
176. Rejoicing winemakers // Russian word. 1903. No. 51.
177. Secrets of winemakers // Russian Word. 1903. No. 59.
178. Ghosts /dedicated to old actors/ // Russian Word. 1903. No. 69.
179. A hundred-verst run in Kharkov // Sports Journal. 1903. No. 75-76.
180. Scandal in the Kiev race society // Sports Journal. 1903. No. 78.
181. People of the fourth dimension // Russian word. 1903. No. 78.
182. Underground // Russian word. 1903. No. 79.
183. Answer to V. Generozov // Sports Journal. 1903. No. 82.
184. The dead and the saved // Russian Word. 1903. No. 90.
185. In the old garden//Russian word. 1903. No. 115.
186. Students and high school student // Russian word. 1903. No. 140.
187. But own negligence // Russian word. 1903. No. 166.
188. Twice in Serbia /days of jubilation and terror/ // Russian Word. 1903. no.
189. Spectacle // Russian Word. 1903. No. 182. Epilogue // Russian word. 1903. No. 283.
190. Three thousand shaved old women / newspaper duck / // Russian Word. 1904. No. 9.
191. In the Kremlin Palace /impressions/ // Russian Word. 1904. No. 52.
192. Hurricane. In Moscow. // Russian word. 1904. No. 167.
193. Hurricane. Impressions//Russian word. 1904. No. 168.
194. In memory of Chekhov // Russian Word. 1904. No. 183.
195. In memory of Chekhov// Russian word. 1904. No. 184.
196. About Chekhov// Russian word. 1904. No. 186.
197. About Chekhov // Russian word. 1904. No. 188.
198. Double // Russian Word. 1904. No. 195.
199. And you say // Russian Word. 1904. No. 215.
200. Koreans and Japanese in Ryazan // Russian Word. 1904. No. 245.
201. The story of an officer from the detachment of E. Keller // Russian Word. 1904. No. 246.
202. Bills for the soul // Russian Word. 1904. No. 349.
203. In the Stessel train // Russian Word. 1905. No. 43.
204. Holiday workers // Russian word. 1905. No. 118.
205. Threads // Russian word. 1905. No. 169.
214. Threads again (1904-1914) // Time. 1914. No. 79.
215. At the bottom // News. 1923. No. 192.
216. Sukharevka // News. 1925. No. 80.
217. In the Zadonsk steppes // Krasnaya Niva. 1925. No. 25.
218. Khodynka // Spotlight. 1926. No. 10, pp. 20-22.
219. My seventy-five years // Ogonyok. 1928. No. 46, p. 8.
220. Students rebel // Ogonyok 1928. No. 4. S. 14-15. The past of the Soviet square // Ogonyok. 1928. No. 42. Playwrights // Evening Moscow. 1932. No. 270.
221. Underground Moscow // For the socialist reconstruction of cities. 1932. No. 1. pp. 86-88.
Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky. Reportage King
The very personality of this man was exceptional, life gave him the richest material in his hands. In 1871, without graduating from high school, he ran away from home. His wanderings lasted ten years - he was a barge hauler on the Volga, a hooker, a fireman, a herdsman, a circus performer, a provincial actor and many others. This lively, sociable man, possessing outstanding physical strength, jokingly broke silver rubles and unbent horseshoes. “I did not know fatigue,” he wrote about himself on the day of his 75th birthday, “and the words“ fear ”and“ danger ”were absent from my vocabulary.”
In 1882, Gilyarovsky began to publish in the Moscow Leaflet, a year later he came to Russkiye Vedomosti. Overtaking cab drivers, he rushed around Moscow - from murder to robbery, from fire to wreck. He was well known to the inhabitants of the Cunning Market and the doss-houses. The personality of this outstanding person invariably aroused sympathy. His correspondence from Orekhovo-Zuev about the fires at the Morozov factory in 1882 aimed to get to the bottom of the true causes of the tragedy. Gilyarovsky entered the factory under the guise of a worker, jostled in the lines for hire, listened to everything and looked closely. Publications in the newspaper made a lot of noise. The Governor-General ordered the arrest and deportation of the author. In the village of Guslitsy near Moscow and in some villages of the Ryazan region, he had to deal with handicraft artels that made matches. This production was organized in an extremely primitive way - the workers' gums bled, their teeth fell out. Gilyarovsky, who himself used to work at a bleaching plant and experienced harmful labor himself, was outraged. Moskovsky Leaf refused to publish his report at that time, but he took it to another newspaper and achieved his goal - handicraft match production was stopped.
Thanks to Gilyarovsky, the details of the Kukuev disaster became known - the train crash near Orel on the Moscow-Kursk railway in 1882. The causes and consequences of this tragedy tried to be hushed up. Unnoticed, the reporter got into a special train intended for the railway authorities, who left to investigate the disaster. Gilyarovsky spent two weeks in a terrible grave, where the train collapsed along with the people as a result of the fact that the embankment was washed out by a heavy downpour.
He was on the Khodynka field on the day of the coronation and found himself in the very thick of the Khodynka disaster. It was not easy even for such a strong man as Gilyarovsky to break out of the compressed, distraught crowd of many thousands. But the next morning he was here again. The only article about Khodynka that appeared on May 26, 1896 was his article in Russkiye Vedomosti.
In 1899 Gilyarovsky took part in international revelations. Once in Belgrade, during the assassination attempt on the Serbian king Milan, he decides to expose this German protege in front of the world community. The text of the telegram compiled by him read: “Milan came up with an artificial assassination attempt in order to destroy the radicals. The best people Serbia arrested. Executions are expected." Gilyarovsky rewrites this text in French and sends it to the editors of Rossiya, where at that time he was in charge of the department. Naturally, the telegram was detained at the Belgrade post office. But with the help of friends, the journalist crossed the Danube and sent a telegram from the first Hungarian pier. The next day, she appeared in a newspaper signed by Gilyarovsky and went around the entire world press. The goal was achieved - Milan disappeared from Serbia. Gilyarovsky's reports invariably caused a public outcry, but still fell short of full-fledged investigations due to the very specifics of the reportage genre and what Chekhov, speaking of Gilyarovsky, called "crackling descriptions."
From the book Judicial Speeches of Famous Russian Lawyers author Team of authorsIV. Zhukovsky Vladimir Ivanovich Zhukovsky Vladimir Ivanovich (1836 - 1899) - graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University with the rank of candidate in 1861. In 1862 he entered the position of a judicial investigator in the Orenburg province. Later he worked for
From the book Encyclopedia of a Lawyer author author unknownThe Case of the Wreck of the Steamboat "Vladimir" In this case, Criun, the captain of the Russian steamboat "Vladimir" and Pesche, an Italian citizen, the captain of the Italian steamboat "Columbia", were brought to trial, accused of committing incorrect maneuvers to manage the entrusted to them
From the book Investigative Journalism author Team of authorsVII. Spasovich Vladimir Danilovich Spasovich Vladimir Danilovich (1829--1908) - was born on January 16, 1829 in the city of Rechitsa, Minsk province. He received his primary education at the Minsk gymnasium, which he graduated in 1845 with a gold medal. In 1849, after graduating from the Faculty of Law
From the book Life and deeds of prominent Russian lawyers. Ups and downs author From the book History of the Russian Prosecutor's Office. 1722–2012 author Zvyagintsev Alexander GrigorievichVladimir Lvovich Burtsev. Exposing Azef The personality of Vladimir Lvovich Burtsev (1862 - 1942) is unique enough to tell more about him. At different times he was called differently: a journalist, a historian, an investigator, a revolutionary. emigrant
From the book Russian Truth. Charter. Teaching [compilation] author Monomakh VladimirAlexander Nevzorov and 600 Seconds: A Classic of Urban Reporting At the end of the 1980s, Leningrad television had the status of a nationwide television broadcast that could be received in most of the Soviet Union. Moreover, it is the Leningrad television, in contrast to
From the book History of Political and Legal Doctrines: A Textbook for Universities author Team of authors From the author's book From the author's book From the author's bookVyazemsky Alexander Alekseevich, Prince (1727–1793), Acting Privy Councilor * * *Born into a well-born princely family. He received his education at the Land Cadet Corps, where, along with other disciplines, he thoroughly studied law. He graduated from the corps in 1747. During the war with
From the author's bookDolgorukov Alexei Alekseevich, Prince (1767–1834), Acting Privy Councilor * * *Belonged to an old princely family. He received a good education at home. At the age of nine, he was enlisted in the artillery, then transferred to the Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment. WITH
From the author's bookKhvostov Alexander Alekseevich (1857–1922), Acting Privy Councilor * * * Born in the family of a hereditary nobleman of the Oryol province. Educated at a prestigious educational institution- Imperial Alexander (former Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum. In 1878 began service in
From the author's bookDemyanov Alexander Alekseevich (1865–1925), judicial figure Born in the family of a large landowner in the Bezhetsk district of the Tver province. He received his legal education at St. Petersburg University. He held various positions in the council from secretary to its chairman. In 1899
From the author's bookAkulov Ivan Alekseevich (1888–1937), famous Soviet statesman* * * Born in St. Petersburg in a poor family. He was educated in elementary and then trade school, which he graduated with honors. He didn't get to study anymore. Started working at the age of 16. In 1907 he joined
From the author's book From the author's book3. Vladimir Monomakh In 1113, after the death of Svyatopolk, the people of Kiev, during a great rebellion, invited the Pereyaslav prince Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125) to take the grand-princely table, to whom “all people were glad ... and sat down to reign in peace and with joy ' and 'the mutiny subsided'. Besides
1. INTRODUCTION............................................... ................................................. .………..3-5
2. Who is the true "King of reporting"? .......................6-9
3. Methods of investigation of Gilyarovsky……………………………………………...10-13
3.1 . Cognitive method ....................... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.1.1 Natural qualities and professional development………………………………………………………………..15
3.1.2. Efficiency……………………………………………………...15
3.1.3. Attentiveness, accuracy …..……………………………………….. 15
3.2. Creative method………………………………………………………………..16
3.2.1 Conciseness .......................................................... ................. …………………………16-17
3.2.2. A detail is the main thing for a reporter..………....…………………………………… 17
3.2.3 Factuality……………………………………………………………..18
3.2.4. Humanity………………………………………………………………… 18-19
4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………. ..20-21
List of Literature………………………………………………………………………..22
Introduction
Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky became famous primarily as a reporter, although he spoke in various newspaper genres and was a versatile journalist in this regard. In addition, he wrote poetry and fiction in prose. The question of Gilyarovsky - a journalist and a reporter - inevitably develops into a question about professional skills, about the most productive methods of work, about the skill of a journalist in general. At one time he was called and continues to be considered the "king of reporting."
The concept of "reporting" arose in the first half of the 19th century. and comes from the Latin word "reportare", meaning "to transmit", "to report". Initially, the reporting genre was represented by publications that informed the reader about the course of court sessions, parliamentary debates, various meetings, etc. Later, this kind of "reporting" began to be called "reports". And “reportages” began to be called publications of a slightly different plan, namely those that, in their content and form, are similar to modern Russian essays. The originality of publications related to the reportage genre arises, first of all, as a result of the “expanded” application of the method of observation and fixation in the text of its course and results. The task of any reporter is, first of all, to give the audience the opportunity to see the described event through the eyes of an eyewitness (reporter), i.e. create a "presence effect". And this becomes to the greatest extent possible only if the journalist will talk about substantive situations, events.
For a reporter, it is important not only to visually describe an event, but also to describe it in such a way as to arouse the reader's empathy for what is being said in the text. This can be done in different ways. Most often, this goal is achieved in two ways. The first is a presentation of the dynamics of the event. In the event that the displayed event develops rapidly, the author can only show this development. However, there are events, situations, the development of which proceeds sluggishly, indefinitely, is rather static. In this case, the author can help out by "bringing to the surface" the event of its internal dynamics or a presentation of the dynamics of the author's experiences caused by his acquaintance with the event.
A reportage is not just a message about an event, but documentary news, news submitted through the direct perception of a journalist from the scene. The report is distinguished by the wide use of figurative means, a lively emotional language, and a dynamic presentation of events. He not only reports the event, but shows it through the perception of the author - a participant or a witness to what is happening. These are the best reports of Gilyarovsky: “ Underground works in Moscow”, “Solar eclipse near Moscow”, “Catastrophe on the Khodynka field”, “Hurricane” and many others. However, a significant number of journalist's newspaper appearances do not always fit into the genre's requirements. More often it is an article, a note, an essay, a report. Still, Gilyarovsky's contemporaries were right when they called him primarily a reporter. He is a reporter by his role, by his position in the newspaper and by the methods of working on the material. For most of his life, Gilyarovsky was a "flying correspondent", an "omniscient" Muscovite. In almost every of his works, even written in the genre of a report or correspondence, memoirs or a story, there is always an element of reporting - a piece of live dialogue between the participants in the event, between a journalist, a witness of the events described, and the hero, or the recognition of the author himself about his direct presence on the spot actions, about the reporter's method of observation and collection of information. Very often, having stated a message in the genre of a report or note, a journalist ends it with several remarks from the participants in the event, thereby giving the material a reportage character. He even liked to give a story in the style of a reportage ...
The purpose of this work is to identify what criteria are applicable for the “crowning” of Gilyarovsky, what qualities helped to earn such an honorary title, and to find out how the method of work of Uncle Gilyai differs from the method of the then-famous journalist Julius Schreier.
Who is the true "King of reporting"?
Yuly Osipovich Schreyer (1835-1887) was considered one of the most famous reporters in the 80s. In his youth, he was an artillery officer, and the head of the Vilna telegraph station, and the chairman of the censorship committee in Warsaw, and an employee of the Constituent Committee for organizing the life of peasants in the Kingdom of Poland. But Schreyer found his true calling in reporter work.
As a reporter, Schreyer announced himself as early as 1870. Having gone to the Franco-Prussian front, he regularly began to send his "correspondence from the battlefield" from there. Then in 1871 he founded the Newspaper. Three years later, however, he left the editorial and publishing activities and switched entirely to reporter work. In the 1980s, Schreyer's fame as a reporter reached its apogee: in an atmosphere of reaction, he felt like a fish in water.
"King of Petersburg reporters" calls Schreyer and Alexander Chekhov. Schreyer is the "king of reporters" for A. E. Kaufman, for the well-known newspaperman of the eighties. Schreyer knew how to be the first to learn sensational news, and sometimes only Schreyer's keen eye saw sensationalism in news that seemed ordinary to the rest of the newspapermen. Only Schreyer could penetrate where no newspaperman could penetrate, for example, under the guise of a waiter, get to a secret dinner of a joint-stock company. “There are whole legends about Schreier as a reporter. It was said, for example, that a case was heard in court when closed doors. It was impossible to enter the courtroom. The bailiff stood at the door. But Schreyer got it. He assured the bailiff that he had come in a hurry from the wife of one of the defenders, in whose house something was wrong. The bailiff let him into the hall, but took his word of honor that he would not say a word to anyone about what he would see and hear in court ... The bailiff, later meeting with Schreyer, bitterly reproached him for not keeping this words.
You have to be a very naive person to believe the word of a journalist, Schreier answered calmly and not at all embarrassed.
Consequently, only a person who had thrown aside the concepts of honor and conscience could work like Schreier, with the same scope and success. Deception was no longer considered a reprehensible way of working as a journalist. The goal - getting news justified any means.
Having obtained some well-known news for him alone, Schreier went to the editorial offices and offered it, like a merchant, a rare and scarce commodity, at the highest price, that is, two kopecks per line.
In the old days, to be a good journalist, one had to have literary talent and certain convictions. And it was not at all obligatory to possess physical strength, dexterity, sneakiness, speed of reaction. In his Notes, the 1980s reporter Alexander Chekhov makes the following demands: “In order to be successful in reporting, you need to be young, strong, hardy and naturally energetic, quick-witted and resourceful. You need to be the first everywhere, you need to have a flair and the ability to quickly navigate. It's like that. But one more new quality of an 80s-era journalist, the ability to do without conscience, should be added. This quality was absolutely necessary for success.
Not one of the successful newspaper journalists and reporters of that time could do without this new quality.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Leikin, for example, did not stand on ceremony with the truth and the laws of morality, with whose cooperation the success of the Petersburg Newspaper was largely associated. After going through the school of Khudekov, Leikin later became a seasoned tabloid journalist-strochkogon.
“Tell me, Nikolai Alexandrovich, what time can you write a sketch? - we ask him.
If there are a hundred and fifty lines, I will write in half an hour.
The development of capitalism in the press, of course, could not lead to the emergence of only negative phenomena, even if we take into account that this development took place mainly within the framework of the period of political reaction.
For example, attention should be paid to the increase in circulation, to the increase in efficiency in the coverage of political events by newspapers. Among the new type of newspapermen, not all were scoundrels, drunkards, rogues, bribe-takers and extortionists, liars and slanderers. Among them were those who tried to resist the corrupting influence of the laws of the bourgeois press, for a long time retained democracy, opposition, and sometimes revolutionary ideology. They had a hard life. They were poor and often gave up their positions. Some left journalism and went into literature, if they could. Sometimes they would go off to other occupations that had nothing to do with literary work.
A bright spot in the reporter's world of Moscow was, for example, Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky. Like Schreyer, he was considered one of the kings of reporting. He was always aware of all city events and was always the first to keep pace. “He raced to a major fire with the fire brigade. When solving some murder, robbery or major theft, he worked together with detectives in the most dangerous places, and no matter what happened outstanding in Moscow or on its outskirts, Gilyarovsky was the first there. For all his unusual omnipresence and promptness, Gilyarovsky retained the democratic nature of his position; his materials often sounded sharply accusatory. In the censorship department, he was strictly registered, because of his reports, various administrative penalties were often imposed on newspapers. Gilyarovsky was well known and always welcomed by the city squalor, considering him their man, of course, for the accusatory tone of his notes and reports about the city day.
One cannot ignore the fact that during these years certain methods of work of journalists were born, some newspaper genres that remain in the arsenal of newspapermen to this day.
Gilyarovsky's investigation methods
One of the most prominent personalities in Russian journalism of the late XIX - early XX century is Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky. He is also the brightest investigative journalist of this period. Gilyarovsky was born in 1853 in the Vologda province, he wandered around Russia for a long time in search of a better life. He was an actor, a herdsman, a barge hauler, an athlete, a writer of everyday life in Moscow, a scout in the Russian-Turkish war, where he received the St. George Cross for bravery. In the winter of 1881, as part of a troupe of actors, he came to work in Moscow, where N.I. Pastukhov invited him to write several theatrical anecdotes for the newspaper. And after that he was invited to work in the department of criminal chronicles and incidents.
Gilyarovsky works very quickly thanks to a wide "intelligence network". From the first steps of his journalistic activity, he devotes himself to studying the life of the city and mainly its slums. With your charm and knowledge of life ordinary people, by sympathy for them, the then young journalist managed to make acquaintances among cabbies, janitors, lackeys, vagrants of the Khitrov market, that is, all those who most often witnessed incidents, who were aware of previous events and rumors, could provide a lot of additional information. Thus, he had "his people" everywhere. In the first years of his work in the newspaper, Gilyarovsky walked all over Moscow and some suburbs, he was well oriented in the city. And soon he became not only the "king of reporters", but also a first-class feuilletonist, a master of essays, the author of many expressive stories about the life of the lower classes of Russian society.
In 1883, he moved from Moskovsky Leaf to Russkiye Vedomosti. From 1901 to 1913 Gilyarovsky collaborated with I.D. Sytin. But everywhere he continued to write about incidents, crimes, and so on. After the revolution, Vladimir Alekseevich actively spoke in Izvestia, Literaturnaya Gazeta, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Evening Moscow, Ogonyok, Krokodile, Krasnaya Niva, and other publications.
Gilyarovsky infinitely loved journalism and was proud that none of his messages had ever been refuted, because, according to him, everything was a strict, verified truth.
This applies to countless investigative publications as well. And he investigated many events and facts of himself. different plan. Where it was necessary to reveal the secret, to clarify the implicit, - Vladimir Alekseevich directed his sharp gaze there.
In the apartment of "Uncle Gilyai", as his friends and "slum people" called him, there was a special room, the purpose of which was to receive slum dwellers in it. Gilyarovsky called them "my correspondents" because the information of these people was always true.
Arriving on a mission, the reporter first of all found out the possibility of prompt communication with the editorial office: he was looking for a post office or a station with a telephone. Then he carefully examined the area, identified eyewitnesses. And position yourself right person he could. In this he was helped by outstanding endurance and knowledge of the psychology of people. Here is one of the testimonies, which are quite a lot in the books "Slum People", "Moscow and Muscovites":
"We went. We were stopped by a gloomy ragamuffin and held out his hand for alms. Gleb Ivanovich (Uspensky) reached into his pocket, but I held his hand and, taking out a ruble note, said to the trickster:
- No change, go to the shop, buy a cigarette for a nickel, bring change, and I'll give you a lodging for the night.
- I'm running now! the man grunted, slapped his props through the puddles in the direction of one of the shops, about fifty paces from us, and disappeared into the fog.
- Look, bring cigarettes here, we'll wait here! I called after him.
"All right," came the fog. Gleb Ivanovich stood and laughed:
- Ha ha ha, ha ha ha! So he brought change. And yes, cigarettes! Ha ha ha!
But before he had time to laugh properly, steps splashed through the puddles and my messenger, gasping for breath, rose up in front of us and opened his huge black hand, on which lay cigarettes, copper and sparkling silver.
- Ninety change. He took the five. Here is “Dawn”, a dozen.
- No, wait, what is it? Did you bring? Gleb Ivanovich asked.
- Why not bring it? That I'll run away, or something, with someone else's money. Somehow I ... - the ragamuffin confidently uttered ... - I will steal something, if you believed?
In the end, quite by accident, Gilyarovsky asked a local policeman to smoke on the street, got into a conversation with him. And when he realized that he mistook the journalist for the head of the investigative commission, he “played along” with him. And the policeman easily told about all the evidence found that testified to the deliberate arson committed in order not to repair the dilapidated building and hide the income of its owners. Gilyarovsky told all this information to his readers, hiding the name of the unlucky policeman.
Watching a lot of tragedies, often finding himself at the scene of a crime even before the police, the journalist did not try to find and catch the culprit or accuse anyone from the pages of the newspaper. He simply and truthfully described what had happened, and the facts he cited spoke for themselves.
In order to "crown" Gilyarovsky, criteria have been identified that can be divided based on the reporter's work methods.
Cognitive investigative method
1) Natural qualities and professional development
Vladimir Alekseevich had natural qualities, reporter's abilities: he was sociable, agile, hardy, brave, knew life well, its bright and dark sides. Nevertheless, he had to work hard to master the profession of a journalist.
Gilyarovsky was trained as a reporter in the process of work, on the go. Not only Pastukhov forced him to tireless work, demanded accuracy, a correct assessment of events, but also the editors of other newspapers. Often he was sent on assignments that required professional skills and knowledge of the situation, a particular area of human activity, which the journalist, with all his great life experience, did not possess.
"In 1882, the editors sent me to give a report on the races, which at that time I had no idea." Nevertheless, he coped with the task and even eventually became his man at the hippodrome.
It was also new for him to write reports from the courtroom or from the scene of fires.
In Gilyarovsky's reports, one can often find indications that he himself was an eyewitness to the events, descriptions of how and when he arrived at the scene, from whom he received the necessary information. The journalist almost never did secrets from this, although the editors (for various reasons) did not always publish his messages in full. Therefore, in his memoirs, Gilyarovsky sometimes cites additional facts, reveals individual techniques and episodes of his reporter's work that accompanied the execution of an editorial assignment.
2) Efficiency
Arriving on a mission, Gilyarovsky first of all assessed the possibility of operational communication with the editors. This interested him above all. According to the conditions of that time, it was important to know in advance when the return train would be, where there was a telegraph or telephone, with whom and by what route it was possible to send a dispatch so that it would reach the room in the morning. Such concern was a manifestation of great responsibility, and N. Morozov, who knew Gilyarovsky well, noted this feature of the reporter as a feature of his working style. He wrote: “As an experienced journalist, Vladimir Alekseevich always liked to be close to the telephone just in case.
3) Attentiveness, accuracy.
At the scene of the incident, the journalist always carefully examined the area, looked for eyewitnesses, tried to get additional information, determined the social version of what happened, tried to be impeccable in terms of the factual presentation of events. He was distinguished by the ability to win over the right person, and sometimes "take the gun" of the administrator or the owner's employee.
Gilyarovsky loved precision. This was a professional feature of the best reporters, for there were reporters and dishonest, unceremonious liars and inventors. But at the same time, in any event, Gilyarovsky sees not only a plot plot, his main attention is always given to people - direct participants in the events and those who are only present (like him) at the same time. Hence - a stock of information, news, acquaintances. His observations are multifaceted, despite the frequent direct participation in events, such as, for example, when extinguishing fires.
creative method.
1) Conciseness
A feature of Gilyarovsky as a reporter, a correspondent, was that he did not overload his materials with details that were not related to the merits of the case. His impressions of any reporter's trip were much broader and richer than the information that he usually placed in the newspapers and which was necessary to cover the event. Many interesting details that accompanied the search for material and eyewitnesses, as well as those related to specifications performance of the editorial task, as a rule, was not included in the text of the report or article. But it was precisely this circumstance that provided great opportunities for further work, for memories.
In addition, the editors, as in our time, limited the volume, reduced the material, removing irrelevant details. Gilyarovsky was never offended by this, and he himself tried to write only about the main thing. The store of information never burdened him. But thanks to the bright details, the memories and stories of a journalist about reporting work and individual assignments sometimes look more meaningful and interesting than the newspaper reports themselves. And this should not be surprising.
Here is a small example - Gilyarovsky's visit to the anniversary performance of the opera "Demon" at the Bolshoi Theater. It was remembered not only by the fact that Anton Rubinstein himself conducted the orchestra, but also by the unusual circumstance of the presence of a journalist in the opera.
Gilyarovsky entered the theater without a ticket, and he did not have a seat in the hall. After the first act, he was about to leave when a familiar police officer from the Tver unit stopped him and, having learned that Vladimir Alekseevich had no place, looked intently into the hall, called some young dandy, took his ticket away and gave it to Gilyarovsky. This dandy turned out to be the well-known Moscow swindler-pickpocket Pashka Ryabchik. This was the only case, "when I, a journalist ... had to participate in a police bribe," Gilyarovsky recalled jokingly.
2) Detail is the main thing for a reporter
The abundance of information, information "in reserve", unexpectedly worked later.
Reporting on a solar eclipse near Moscow in many respects can be a model of Gilyarovsky's reporting. First of all, this is a businesslike, accurate in detail account of an eyewitness about the events of a balloon flight with Professor Mendeleev on board during a solar eclipse. The reporter makes it clear that he was a participant in all the events on the eve of the day of the remarkable phenomenon and an observer of the flight itself. He writes about his departure from Moscow: "I entered the station"; “I hardly found a seat in one of the carriages, packed full of people. There was no place to fall asleep, even to lie down, and I had to stay up all night”; "Following the others, I went to the ball." Gilyarovsky does not avoid poetic comparisons, landscape sketches. However, he uses such poetic devices with extreme restraint, with a sense of proportion. So, he compares the silhouette of the ball with a fantastic head from the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", writes about "golden reflections of dawn on narrow ridges of light clouds." But the main attention is to the actual side of the flight preparation, people's behavior, mood, technical details, described with exhaustive completeness and clarity. One can feel the desire to record the facts, as many facts as possible, to give a timing of events.
3) Factual
Typical for the practice of a journalist is a report on a fire and a collapse of the ceilings at the Khludov factory. Gilyarovsky arrived at the scene after the main events had taken place - the fire at the factory had subsided. He showed maximum efficiency, having managed to “break through” to Yegoryevsk immediately after receiving the news of the fire, despite the obstacles that were repaired by the “Cerberus watchmen” and the police. Upon arrival, Gilyarovsky gets acquainted with the scene, conducts a survey of people who survived the catastrophe, accurately, using direct speech, conveys their words, restores the whole picture of the catastrophe. This gives the reader the impression of being obvious.
This report also shows another quality that is characteristic of many of the journalist's reports, which we have already spoken about - the exhaustive nature of the information about the incident. In practice, the reader is left with no questions regarding the actual side of the event, all of them - about the causes of the fire, the fire itself, the behavior of people, the victims, the state of the families of the victims, the losses - are, as it were, foreseen in advance.
4) Humanity
And one more important quality distinguishes Gilyarovsky as a journalist: constant sincere attention to working people and their living conditions. In a report in 1882 from Orekhovo-Zuev, he speaks of the need for the manufacturer Morozov to take care of his workers. Gilyarovsky writes about the hopeless situation of the families of those who died in the fire at the Khludov factory, in particular the 45-year-old worker Titov, who worked at the factory for 33 years, in 1886. In the report “From the Guslitsky fire” (1887), the journalist does not forget to note: day in the village, a 13-year-old boy, Gavrilo Lavrentyev, appeared, saving his younger brother from a burning hut.
He wrote more than once about the heroic behavior of firefighters in extinguishing the fire.
On the eve of the first Russian revolution, the journalist spoke out in defense of the Tatar workers of the tea-packing factory, the female students of the Moscow obstetric courses, the tavern sex and other categories of urban working people ... And so all his life.
Gilyarovsky was patient with the traditions of each newspaper in which he worked, the methods of designing his materials, which sometimes depended on technical capabilities, and sometimes on editors. In the chronicle of Russkiye Vedomosti, for example, his reporters' reports were printed in continuous text, super-economically, almost without paragraphs. And vice versa, in The Russian Word, Doroshevich, true to his own style of writing, broke up the journalist's materials into short phrases, paragraphs. Concerned about the factual side of the matter, Gilyarovsky did not attach much importance to this and agreed with the requirements of the editorial board.
A modern journalist-reporter re-reads books and reports with special interest, tries to find precious grains of professional skill in the experience of the king of reporters of the last century, becomes infected with his indefatigable curiosity, interest in working people, devotion to the difficult work of a modern chronicler.
Conclusion
In the article "And you say ..." Gilyarovsky condemns frivolous journalist-reporters who do not bother to study, study the facts that are written about in the section on criminal incidents. Specifically, we are talking about reports from newspaper reporters about a dramatic incident at the races. On the outskirts, not far from the hippodrome, a corpse of a man was found with his jacket pockets turned inside out, without a penny of money, but with a poster of equestrian competitions. Reporters immediately built a banal scheme of the incident: "won, killed, robbed." There are allegedly all the signs of a mercenary murder, especially since such cases have been described more than once in the French press, we are not far behind the West. Murder on a tote is not uncommon, but this is a superficial judgment. And Gilyarovsky tells the true story of a dead man - a small businessman, a "owner", who was passionately carried away by a sweepstakes, but in the end, in pursuit of a big win, he went bankrupt and committed suicide from the hopelessness of the situation. This is not an ordinary murder, but a difficult drama of life. The desire to get rich without difficulty led to the ruin of the whole family and despair, which a person could not survive. “And you, gentlemen reporters, “won” and “murder”! This is not true!
These remarks by Gilyarovsky about the ethics of reporter's work, the essence of the profession, have not lost their significance even today.
“He was a man who himself went through a difficult school of life, experienced a lot, suffered. He was a man of literary talent. A poet lived in his soul ... He was born from experienced need, deprivation, suffering, from observation, from a kind, sensitive, sympathetic heart.
This is how Vlas Doroshevich wrote about his friend - the “king of reportage”, the “king of the feuilleton”.
Journalism has never been for Gilyarovsky only a job, only a means of obtaining daily bread. Even in old age, he rushed to people, to events - to places where he was no longer destined to visit: to North Pole to the fronts of the First World War. Even more passionately than before, he fell in love with painting - it helped to “repeat” old and replaced new travels. They say that from a landscape, a sketch, he learned where the artist painted them.
Today, according to Gilyarovsky's reports, we recognize the then Russia and its people. With his passionate love and devotion they were torn from the dusty oblivion of old newspapers and magazines, and among them we see the author himself, the genuine Gilyarovsky, not from legends and epics, but from life.
Bibliography
1) Esin B. Gilyarovsky - about the work of a reporter // Bulletin of Moscow State University. – Series 10. - 2003. - No. 6.
2) Esin. B.I. Russian journalism in the 70-80s of the XIX century. 1963
3) Gilyarovsky V. A. Collected works: In 4 volumes. - M.: Polygraph resources, 1999.
4) The King of Reporters, Uncle Gilyai // Kolodny L.E. Going to Moscow. - M .: Voice, 1997. - P. 437-453
5) Letenkov E. He was called the king of reporting // Neva. - 1986. - No. 5. - Page 191
6) Calf M. A. Gilyarovsky Vladimir Alekseevich // Russian writers. XX century: Bio-bibliographic dictionary. T. 1. A-L. - M.: Proseshchenie, 1998. - p. 348-350.
7) Tertychny A.A. Genres of periodical press. Tutorial. Moscow: Aspect Press, 2000
8) Tertychny A.A. Investigative journalism. Textbook for universities. Moscow: Aspect Press. 2002.
Reporter of the Moscow press // Esin, Boris Ivanovich. Reports by V.A. Gilyarovsky. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1985. P. 11-12.
B.I. Yesin "Russian journalism of the 70-80s of the XIX century" 1963.
Gilyarovsky V.A. Moscow and Muscovites. M., 1980. S. 22.
Tertychny A.A. Investigative journalism. Textbook for universities. Moscow: Aspect Press. 2002.
Reporter of the Moscow press // Esin, Boris Ivanovich. Reports by V.A. Gilyarovsky. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1985. Pp. 46-79.
Esin B. Gilyarovsky - about the work of a reporter // Bulletin of Moscow State University. – Series 10. - 2003. - No. 6.
Letenkov E. He was called the king of reporting // Neva. - 1986. - No. 5. - Page 191.
forest boy
Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky was born on November 26 (December 8), 1853 in the Vologda province, “in a forest farm behind Lake Kubenskoye, and spent part of his childhood in the dense Domshinsky forests, where bears walk on foot and wolves drag in packs” , - so he later described his youth.
Volodya's father served as an assistant to the manager of the forest estate of Count Olsufiev, went with a horn to a bear, had remarkable physical strength and endurance ...
The boy's mother belonged to the family of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, and Volodya inherited from her a love for Cossack songs and freemen. And even outwardly, the adult Gilyarovsky looked like a Zaporozhye Cossack. It is no coincidence that it was he who posed for Repin when creating the painting “The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan” and for the sculptor Andreev for the image of Taras Bulba ...
But while solidity was still far away. Little Volodya disappeared for days on end in the forest and learned from his father the wisdom of the forest.
However, this free life soon ended. When the boy was eight years old, his mother died, and his father married another, a strict and demanding woman. She tried to rid her stepson of the "wildness of primitive habits." The boy, having outwardly mastered good manners, in his soul forever remained a “forest” and free man ...
For the same reason, he did not like it at the gymnasium either - already in the first grade he stayed for the second year. Later, Gilyarovsky wrote, “From what I taught and who taught, little good remained in my memory.” Cramming, stick discipline, boring subjects and narrow-minded teachers. All this was so far from Gilyarovsky, who was used to disappearing for days in the forest ...
But while studying at the gymnasium, he found himself a new joy - the theater and the circus. Having met circus performers, Volodya learned their profession, and he himself became a good rider and acrobat.
Walking among the people
In Vologda, where Gilyarovsky, a high school student, lived, many political exiles lived. The inquisitive boy got to know them, attended their parties, listened to heated debates.
One of the exiles gave Volodya Chernyshevsky's forbidden novel What Is To Be Done? to read. The “new people” impressed Gilyarovsky so much that he decided to become “like Rakhmetov” and go to the people. And at the age of 17, Volodya ran away from home - without money and a passport. He went to Yaroslavl, where he immediately met barge haulers, who accepted him into their artel.
A lot has been written about the life and hard work of barge haulers. Gilyarovsky himself described it as follows: “To warm up with a glass of fusel oil - everyone had a common goal and hope. They drank... They went away... They salted slices of bread and had breakfast"...
But Gilyarovsky himself liked it all: “I was tired, but I couldn’t sleep. I was exhausted - and my soul rejoiced - and not a shred of remorse that I left the house, the gymnasium, the family, the sleepy life and went to barge haulers. I even thanked Chernyshevsky, who put me on the Volga with his novel What Is To Be Done?
Summer is over, and barge haulers have dispersed to their homes. And Gilyarovsky went further. Whoever he was on his wandering path - a loader, a stoker, a worker, a fisherman, a herdsman, a horse rider ... Thanks to the horses, Gilyarovsky ended up in a circus, where he acted as a rider. And from the circus he went to the theater, and for several years he was a provincial actor ...
But being an actor, Gilyarovsky continued to look for new experiences. He traveled all over the country, climbed Elbrus, walked along the Don ...
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877, he went to the front. There, Gilyarovsky soon became a scout-scout: “We lived merrily. Every night in secret and on reconnaissance under the very enemy chains, we lie in the bushes behind the ferns, then we will get over the chain, then we will silently remove the sentry with a special plastun technique and quickly deliver it to the detachment for interrogation "... He returned from the war already a gallant cavalier of St. George ...
famous journalist
Gilyarovsky, after returning from the front, continued to serve in various provincial theaters, and then decided to move to Moscow. Here he acted for some time, but his long-experienced craving for literary work finally overcame all other passions.
At first, he wrote short notes in various publications, and then got a job as a reporter at Moskovskaya Gazeta. Here Gilyarovsky at first was very difficult: “This year was difficult, the year of my first student work. It was my duty to keep a chronicle of incidents - I must know everything that happened in the city and its environs, and not miss a single murder, not a single big fire or train wreck.
And Gilyarovsky really soon found out about all the events literally at the same minute as they happened. His broad nature, ability to get along with all people, helped to make acquaintance with a wide variety of people. Soon Gilyarovsky becomes the "king of reporting".
For one report, he almost got arrested - he made such a fuss. It was about a fire at the Morozov factory. Gilyarovsky disguised himself as a worker and, sitting in pubs and taverns, tried to find out the true causes of the fire - the owners themselves were guilty. The essay caused a stir, the Morozovs demanded the arrest and deportation of the author. With great difficulty, Gilyarovsky managed to avoid trouble ...
Some time later, the reporter learned from his informant about the terrible railway accident near Orel - the whole train went into the swamp, which became the grave for thousands of people.
The disaster was kept secret, and correspondents were not allowed to the scene of the accident. But Gilyarovsky managed to get into this terrible place, and Moskovskaya Gazeta turned out to be the only publication that told about the terrible catastrophe.
Letter to Australia
As time went on, Gilyarovsky acquired a name for himself and was already published in many publications. But he never sat still. He fully justified his title of "king of reporters." There was not a single corner in Moscow that Gilyarovsky would not have visited. Slums, dens, secular living rooms - everywhere he was his. But he was looking for creative material not only in Moscow. The cholera epidemic on the Don, terror in Albania, Gogol's places - Gilyarovsky had time to visit everywhere and write about everything.
Knowledge of life, acquaintance with the inhabitants of the city bottom, awareness of everything that is happening around, made him a Moscow landmark, the famous Uncle Gilyai, as his friends called him - the most famous artists, writers, actors.
Chekhov, Uspensky, Wanderer, Yesenin, Stanislavsky, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Kachalov visited his house ... And at the same time he was friends with “firefighters, cross-country riders, jockeys and clowns from the circus, European celebrities and drunkards of the Khitrov market. He didn't just have acquaintances, he only had friends. Always and with everyone he was on you "...
People have always been drawn to this man, who retained a cheerful disposition until old age. Uncle Gilyai constantly came up with various amusements.
Here is how Konstantin Paustovsky wrote about them: “Gilyarovsky was inexhaustible for boyish inventions. One day he came up with the idea of sending a letter to Australia to some fictitious addressee, so that, having received this letter back, to judge by the multitude of postmarks, what an amazing and tempting way this letter went. There were legends about his physical strength, which he also loved to brag about as a boy - until old age he could bend nickels, tie a poker in a knot ...
And in the books written by Uncle Gilyai, the physical and moral strength of the author, his extraordinary life, are striking. “Moscow and Muscovites”, “My Wanderings”, “Notes of a Muscovite”, “People of the Theater”, “Friends and Meetings” - each of them tells so much about Gilyarovsky himself and about his friends, about hundreds of people he met in life , about an era long gone from us ...
After the revolution, he, one of the few fragments of the past, remained in his homeland - because uncle Gilyai, part of Moscow, could not be imagined living somewhere on the banks of the Seine. And Gilyarovsky was able to remain interesting to Soviet readers as well. Until his death, he wrote articles, books ...
Vladimir Gilyarovsky died on October 1, 1935. And although almost 80 years have passed since his death, and the events described in his books took place more than a hundred years ago, Gilyarovsky’s works still do not lie on the bookshelves ...
