Profession weaver. Who is a weaver. Summary of directly educational activities in the older age group on the topic "Introduction to the craft of a weaver Who is a weaver profession

Weavers work on looms, which are both manual and mechanical and automated. On the machines, you can weave carpets, tapestries, linen, ribbons, braid. Each type of product and type of weave requires a specific machine.

Modern textile production is based on automated machines. One weaver serves several machines at once: prepares them for work, changes shuttles with yarn, adjusts its tension, and eliminates breaks. When the canvas is ready, remove it from the machine.

An experienced weaver can identify a malfunction in the loom by sound, evaluate the quality of the thread by touch and by eye. The working day of such a weaver passes in constant walking between the machines.

On the other hand, working with a manual or foot-operated machine requires painstaking work and means sitting in one place for a long time.

Such machines are still used for handicraft production. For example, to create carpets self made. For the manufacture of highly artistic, ornamental and plot carpets, vertical and horizontal manual looms are used. The warp threads are stretched over the frame, weft threads are passed between them.

In handicraft production, weavers may adhere to certain traditional patterns or work according to the sketch of the artist, according to their own drawing.

Historical reference

People learned to weave even before the advent of yarn, in the Stone Age, interlacing plant fibers, creepers, strips of leather, etc. In ancient Greek and Roman literature, the literature of China, India, Asia Minor and Egypt, there is evidence that weaving existed at that time.

The oldest known fabric is considered to be linen fabric, made around 6500 BC. e. It was discovered during archaeological excavations near the Turkish village of Chatal Huiyuk.

On the first weaving devices, the warp of the fabric was located vertically and tied to the horizontal branches of trees. At the ground, the threads were fixed with stones or pegs. The duck was intertwined with the warp by hand.

Already in the 5th millennium BC. e. hand looms were used, which over time became more complicated and improved.

In 1733, the Englishman J. Kay invented a loom with a flying shuttle ("shuttle-plane"), which doubled the productivity of weaving. This was the beginning of the industrial revolution in the textile industry. Home spinning gave way to factory spinning.

In 1786, the English priest E. Cartwright invented a fully mechanized loom, in which he combined all the basic operations of hand weaving. With its appearance, weavers began to serve several machines at the same time. In 1789, he began to use a steam engine in his factory of 20 machine tools.

Today, automatic machines work in the textile industry.


"Weaver at the loom" by Vincent van Gogh.

Workplace

Weavers serving automated machines work in textile factories. Masters of hand weaving work individually or in small workshops for the production of tapestries, carpets, etc.

Important qualities

A weaver needs good eyesight, an eye, dexterity of fingers. When working with automated machines, you need good hearing, because. the sound can determine the nature of the machine. Requires physical endurance.

Health. The weaving shop is a very noisy place. This can be bad for your hearing.

Diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, allergies, hearing and vision problems are contraindications for such work.

Salary

Salary as of 04.06.2019

Russia 15000—45000 ₽

Moscow 25000—40000 ₽

Knowledge and skills

It is necessary to have skills in working on machine tools, to know the design of machine tools, the properties of the fibers used, the resulting fabrics, and to be able to eliminate minor breakdowns in the process.

Where do they teach

To work as a weaver in a factory, it is enough to have an initial vocational education (VET), which can be obtained at a vocational school.

The next stage of education - secondary vocational (SVE) - allows you to get the specialty "Technology of textile products" (qualification "Technician"). You can learn it in a college or technical school.

A weaver or weaver is a specialist in the textile industry, engaged in the production of fabrics on a special loom.

Wage

20.000–30.000 rubles (worka.yandex.ru)

Place of work

The position of weaver is represented in textile factories. Often masters work individually at home or in small workshops.

Responsibilities

Modern textile production is a large workshop, consisting of many weaving machines. The work is automated, the weaver only needs to go around the workshop, monitor the quality of the finished product and, in the truest sense of the word, listen to the work of the machines. The weaver maintains the machines, adjusts the tension of the thread, eliminates breaks, changes shuttles, removes the finished product. Sometimes you need to fix minor technical issues.

Work on a manual machine is possible in a private workshop. Such work is always valued much higher, but it requires much more time and labor costs.

Important qualities

The profession of a weaver requires such qualities as: excellent eyesight and good hearing, dexterous fingers, physical endurance, good health and no allergies to chemicals.

Reviews about the profession

According to experts, the light industry in Russia is constantly developing, which means that there will be no shortage of jobs in the near future. Most modern weavers are hereditary craftsmen. The work of some is highly respected and often highly paid.

stereotypes, humor

The profession is considered primordially feminine. The only thing that has changed since ancient times is technology.

Education

To become a weaver, you need to get a professional education in a specialized school or college. In the future, you can continue your studies at the university in the specialty "Technology of textile products." The direction is presented at the St. Petersburg State University of Technology and Design.

Moscow universities: Russian State Geological Prospecting University named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Moscow Polytechnic University, Russian Economic University named after G.V. Plekhanov, Russian State University. A. N. Kosygina (Technology. Design. Art).

Since its inception, fabric has played a huge role in the life of every person. It is for this reason that the production of this material will always be an important and necessary activity. And since its inception weaving craft has undergone significant changes: various techniques have been developed, special equipment has been created. The only thing that has remained unchanged is the weaver.

The history of the weaver profession

It is already reliably known that the first artisans in the field of creating fabrics worked already during ancient egypt And Ancient Greece. The most popular material was linen. At the same time, the first weaving machines appeared around the same period of time. At the time of their inception and up to the 18th century, they were exclusively manual.

The turning point in the field of creating fabrics can be considered 1733, when the loom with a flying shuttle was invented. Its appearance made it possible to turn the production of fabrics into an independent industry. The next stage of development was mechanized machines, and then fully automatic equipment with electronic programming.

But it should be noted that both manual and mechanical machines are still actively used. True, not in large industries, but in small, private workshops.

Weavers and weavers: who is more?

The modern weaver for the most part only controls the operation of the machines. At the same time, it is also worth mentioning that if earlier weavers were mostly men, now it is a predominantly female profession. Therefore, quite often in official documents or job advertisements one can find female form profession - weaver.

Duties of a weaver

Throughout the existence of this craft, the main duties of the weaver have remained unchanged. His list of responsibilities includes:

production of fabrics of various weaving;

monitoring the performance of the machine, setting up its operation;

product quality control, rejection.

It should be noted that in automated production, one specialist works with several machines at once.

In order to perform the tasks assigned to him, the weaver must know:

established quality standards for manufactured products and materials used;

device and principles of operation of machine tools;

rules for rejecting products;

features and characteristics of the materials used and fabrics produced.

Requirements for the profession of a weaver

Obtaining admission to independent work for a specialist it is possible only after passing a series of briefings on the safe organization of work and the regulations of labor activity adopted at the workplace.

In addition, the weaver must undergo a medical examination and provide a certificate of no contraindications to work. For example, the presence of diseases of the musculoskeletal system or visual impairment can be reasons for refusing employment.

Working with machine tools, like many centuries ago, requires endurance, sharp eyesight and dexterity from a specialist.

Place of work and working conditions of the weaver

Of course, the main place of employment for a modern weaver is the large enterprises of the textile industry. But this is not the only job for a specialist. The skills and abilities of a weaver are also necessary in small workshops that are engaged in the manufacture of carpets or unique products. Indeed, it should be noted that main principle similar enterprises - author's, unique design and manual labor. In other words, small companies most often use either mechanized or manual machines.

Also, a weaver, having sufficient skills and ambition, can open his own business.

Most often, representatives of this profession work on a standard working week with two days off. The exceptions are when workshops receive urgent or complex orders, so specialists have to work overtime.

Where to learn the profession of a weaver?

It is possible to study this specialty in specialized technical schools and colleges. At the same time, there is an option to obtain both basic knowledge in the field, having received an initial vocational education, and in-depth knowledge, when entering a secondary specialized educational institution.

More often necessary direction is called "Technology of textile products". The duration of training is about two years full-time. And the educational program includes industrial practice.

Ranks of weavers according to ETKS

In total, the specialty is usually divided into five levels of qualification.

Weaver 2 ranks

Works on handlooms and can create decorative items and simple carpets.

Weaver 3 ranks

Able to work on all types of machines: manual, mechanical, automatic.

Weaver 4 ranks

Can create decorative items on manual machines, metal and synthetic meshes on metal looms.

Tier 5 weaver

Owns the techniques of combined weaving.

Tier 6 weaver

He has the skills to create unique plot-themed products.

The level of wages of the profession of a weaver

Depending on the place of work and professional skills, the earnings of a weaver can vary from 25,000 to 40,000 rubles per month.

Pros and cons of the profession of a weaver

The positive aspects of the profession must include the following:

demand and relevance;

the opportunity to work both in large production and in small companies;

prospects for professional development.

The disadvantages include:

difficult working conditions.

Alyonkina Olga Arnoldovna, Volzhsky, Volgograd region

WEAVER

Fingers fly like birds -

The stream flows calico.

Fingers fly like bees -

The stream flows like silk.

Dictionary:

Weaver- a worker engaged in the manufacture of various fabrics on a loom.

Weaving- fabrication on a loom.

Fiber - yarn highest quality, cleanly scuffed and combed twice.

Historical reference

Spinning and weaving has been the traditional occupation of the female population since ancient times. Each peasant family had a spinning wheel and a loom, on which women made homespun cloth. Clothes, sheets, towels and other things were sewn from fabric.

In addition to simple canvas, women made patterned fabrics. At the same time, the weaving technique became more complicated. The material for weaving was yarn, which was obtained from flax and hemp, as well as from sheep's wool and goat's down. The yarn was often dyed at home in different colors, and then patterned fabrics turned out to be especially elegant.

The canvases woven, mainly during the winter season, were “whitened” (bleached) with the onset of a warm spring. For this purpose, they were first steamed in homemade wood ash lye, then spread on the grass in sunny weather. Then the canvases were soaked in river water and spread on the grass of a wet meadow. Under the hot rays of the sun, after about a month, the severity of the canvases disappeared, and they became white and soft.

Along with weaving at home, small enterprises began to emerge and successfully develop - workshops and factories for the production of simple linen, woven items and other household items. For example, in 1703 a rope factory was already operating in Voronezh, and a shawl factory by the landowner Vera Andreevna Eliseeva had been operating in the Nizhnedevitsky district since 1800. With her shawls, she became famous throughout Russia and abroad. Carpet factories, as well as gold embroidery, embroidery and lace workshops developed. Spinning and weaving schools were opened in a number of counties.

How threads are spun and fabrics are woven

M. Konstantinovsky, N. Smirnova

How many different things from fabrics in the world! And the fabrics themselves are so different: smooth and fluffy, light and heavy, warm and cool, dense and sparse... And all of them are called by the same name - fabrics.

sackcloth

Look at different fabrics through a magnified glass: the threads are intertwined everywhere! Now it is clear why the threads of fabrics hold each other so tightly. Who twisted them? Loom - that's who! Longitudinal threads, that is, those that are stretched along the loom, all the time jump up and down. The threads themselves do not jump, but the lattice makes them rise and fall. And across, into the gaps between the longitudinal threads, shuttles fly back and forth. Each shuttle pulls a transverse thread behind it (it is unwound from a spool hidden inside the shuttle).

Shuttle winds the transverse thread as it moves back and forth into the gap between the longitudinal threads

The shuttle is forced to move "bits" who hit him from the right, then from the left, like rackets on a shuttlecock when playing badminton

The shuttle flew back and again dragged the thread and the gap between the threads. And so it turns out weave

The fabric is woven from threads, but where do the threads come from? You can try it yourself, taking a piece of cotton wool, twist it with your fingers to form a thread. It turns out not very even, but real cotton. After all, cotton wool is cotton, only peeled. The fibers of cotton are fleecy, and when you squeeze them with your fingers and twist them, they cling to their fibers - that's the thread.

In the old days, the thread was also twisted with fingers and wound on a spindle. And now the threads are spun, that is, twisted, by huge spinning machines. Not only cotton threads, but also woolen and linen.

spinning machine

Cotton loves warmth and grows in the south. As the cotton ripens, the boxes burst, and in each - like a piece of cotton wool! Then they let the cotton harvester into the field. The cotton will be picked and laid out in the sun to dry. Then they are tied into bales and taken to the spinning mill. There it is loosened, cleaned of seeds, combed and spun from cotton fibers into cotton threads.

cotton field

Linen heat does not tolerate and grows in the north. How beautiful flowering flax is - the whole field is in blue flowers. Like the sea! Flax fades, seeds ripen on it - here it is cut, laid out on the ground and waiting for the microbes living on the ground to eat the glue with which the flax fibers are firmly glued together. Only after that it will be possible to comb the flax - to split its stems into separate fibers. Linen threads will be spun from these fibers.

Sheaves of flax

Wool obtained from sheep and spun from its thread. The sheep hairdresser will never ask: “What hairstyle do you want?” All sheep are sheared in one style - naked! Sheared sheep - and again graze in the meadow, grow new wool - until the next haircut. The wool is sent to the spinning mill.

flock of sheep

Silk obtained from the web. People do not need to spin silk thread - it is spun by a caterpillar of a butterfly, which is called a silkworm. Why a silkworm is understandable, but why a mulberry? Because the silkworm caterpillar eats only the leaves of the mulberry tree and does not recognize any other food. Before turning into a chrysalis, the caterpillar releases a thin thread and entangles itself with it from head to toe. It turns out a silk cocoon. And people are right there: they unwind a cocoon (yes, not one, but millions), rewind the thread onto spools and take it to weaving factory.

silkworm butterfly

silkworm cocoon

Synthetics- threads for synthetic fabrics also do not need to be spun. At a chemical plant, chemists make plastic from oil or gas - for example, nylon. Nylon is heated to become soft, and squeezed out through a tiny hole - a nylon thread is obtained. Such a thread is several times thinner than a cobweb!

And the glass thread is drawn directly from the molten glass. Fiberglass is woven from glass threads. Such a fabric is impregnated with a special synthetic resin, it hardens - fiberglass is obtained. The strongest material! I can’t even believe that it is made of soft fabric, and soft fabric is made of fragile glass!

Lots of different fabrics in the world. For example, a “stone” thread is spun for it from fibers that are obtained from asbestos fibrous stone. Asbestos fabric does not burn in the hottest fire!

There is a fabric that can be heated electric shock- clothes for polar explorers are sewn from it ...

Road to happiness

We perceive life differently

Like a field of colorful patches.

Patch of pain, happiness and good luck ...

Diversity - the whole world is like that.

He, like a weaver, flies into a blanket

On a string the story of fate.

And each of us life is not enough,

To find out the results of divination.

Life cannot be lived in the same range,

It has a hundred shades of bright, a hundred roads.

The soul trembles with a bright chime

And it goes out, fades from anxiety.

We grow up in different ways

We meet wonderful people

And become loyal friends.

Our whole life is one road to happiness:

Thorny, colorful, not easy.

And God give us patience and participation,

And a bright shred for life!

Excerpts from Literary Works on Weaving and Fabrics

... She put him to bed, and she threw off her frog skin, turned into a red maiden and began to weave a carpet. Where it pricks with a needle once - the flower will bloom, where it pricks another time - cunning patterns go, where it pricks the third - birds fly ...

Russian folk tale "The Frog Princess"

"If I were a queen, -

Her sister says,

That would be one for the whole world

I wove canvases.

And Pushkin. "The Tale of King Satan and the Beautiful Swan Princess"

... The old mouse hired four spider-weavers, and they sat day and night in a mouse hole and wove canvases, prepared a dowry.

And a fat blind mole came to visit every evening and chatted that soon the summer would end, the sun would stop scorching the earth, and it would again become soft and loose. That's when they will play a wedding ...

G.-H. Andersen. "Thumbelina"

... In the capital of this king, life was very fun. Foreign guests came almost every day, and then one day two deceivers appeared. They pretended to be weavers and said that they could weave such a wonderful fabric, better than which nothing could be imagined: except for unusual beautiful drawing and the colors are distinguished by another amazing property - it becomes invisible to any person who is out of place or impassibly stupid.

G.-H. Andersen. "The King's New Dress"

... The hostess had three daughters. The older daughters only knew that they were sitting at the gate, looking out into the street, and the youngest worked for them: she sewed them, spun and wove for them - and never heard a kind word ...

…And so it came true. Khavroshechka fits into one ear of the cow, crawls out of the other - everything is ready: it is woven, and whitewashed, and rolled into pipes ...

Russian folk tale "Kroshechka-Havroshechka"

... The poor girl had to sit every day in the street by the well and spin yarn, so much so that her fingers bled from work.

And then it happened one day that the whole spindle was filled with blood. Then the girl bent down to the well to wash it, but the spindle jumped out of her hands and fell into the water. She ran to her stepmother and told her about her grief.

The stepmother began to scold her and said:

- Since you dropped the spindle, then manage to get it back.

... I jumped into the well for the spindle and ended up in the house of Mrs. ....

Brothers Grimm. "Mistress Metelitsa"

... Long winter evenings have come. The Tanya sisters put flax on combs and began to spin threads from it. “Those are threads,” Tanya thinks, “but where are the shirts?”

Winter, spring and summer have passed - autumn has come. Mother installed a cross in the hut, pulled the warp over them and began to weave. A shuttle ran nimbly between the threads, and then Tanya herself saw that a canvas was coming out of the threads.

When the canvas was ready, they began to freeze it in the cold, spread it over the snow.

And in the spring they spread it on the grass, in the sun, and sprinkled it with water. The canvas turned from gray to white.

K. Ushinsky. "How the shirt grew in the field"

Proverbs and sayings

At the lazy spinner

No shirt for myself.

Labor feeds and clothes.

Patter

The weaver weaves fabric on Tanya's dress.

Puzzles

Lightweight, not fluffy

Soft, not fur

White, not snow

But dress everyone.

(Cotton)

heated, dried,

They pounded, they tore,

Twisted, weaved,

They put it on the table.

(Linen)

Stretched out in winter

And turned around in the summer.

(Scarf)

He takes off his fur coat twice a year.

Who walks under a fur coat?

(Sheep)

thread

45123

Questions for self-examination

1. Who is the silkworm? What is he famous for?

2. How did people spin wool by hand?

3. What is the meaning of the proverb “Labor feeds and clothes”?

LITERATURE

Alyonkina, O.A. Occupational and labor socialization of youth / O.A. Alyonkina, T.V. Chernikov. – M.: Globus, 2009.

Alyonkina, O.A. Profile training in a correctional school // Modernization of management educational institution/ O.A. Alyonkina [i dr.]; ed. V.V. Serikova, T.V. Chernikova. – M.: APK i PPRO, 2004. – S. 73–79.

Bulycheva, N.A. Features of the professional choice of graduates of correction classes / N.A. Bulycheva // Correctional Pedagogy. - 2004. - No. 2 (4).

Gerasimova V.A., Cool hour playfully. Issue 2. - M .: TC Sphere, 2004. - 64 p.

Proverbs, sayings, riddles of the peoples of Russia / comp. M.P. Filipchenko. - Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2011. - 378 p. - (Wisdom of millennia).

Chernikova, T.V. Vocational guidance support for high school students / T.V. Chernikov. – M.: Globus, 2006.

Chistyakova, S.N. Professional orientation of schoolchildren: organization and management / S.N. Chistyakova, N.N. Zakharov. - M .: Pedagogy, 1987.

What's happened. Who is: children's encyclopedia. In 3 vols. T. 1. A-F / comp. V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuriev. 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: AST, 2007. C - 519

What's happened. Who is: children's encyclopedia. In 3 vols. T. 2. Z - O / comp. V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuriev. 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: AST, 2007. C - 503.

What's happened. Who is: children's encyclopedia. In 3 vols. T. 3. P - I / comp. V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuriev. 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: AST, 2007. C - 519

Shalaeva G.P., Big Book of Professions / G.P. Shalaev. – M.: AST: WORD: Polygraphizdat, 2010. – 240p.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Inventions. - M .: LLC Firm "Publishing House AST"; 1999.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: History. - M .: LLC Firm "Publishing House AST"; 1997.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Animals. - M .: LLC Firm "Publishing House AST"; 1997.

1000 riddles. For children 3-6 years old. - M.: CJSC "OLMA Media Group", 2011. - 240p. – Series “The program for the development and education of a preschooler

Drawings: Abutkina N.Yu., Alyonkina O.A., Alyonkina O.M.

Description:

Weaver (weaver) - a master in the production of fabrics on a loom. IN modern form it is mostly a female profession.

Historical reference

People learned to weave even before the advent of yarn, in the Stone Age, weaving plant fibers, creepers, strips of leather, etc.

In ancient Greek and Roman literature, the literature of China, India, Asia Minor and Egypt, there is evidence that weaving existed at that time.

The oldest known fabric is considered to be linen fabric, made around 6500 BC. e. It was discovered during archaeological excavations near the Turkish village of Chatal Huiyuk.

Already in the 5th millennium BC. e. hand looms were used, which over time became more complicated and improved.

Modern textile production is based on automated machines. The main task of the weaver is to prevent unnecessary downtime of the machines (quickly eliminate accidental thread breaks, prevent marriage, and quickly eliminate it if it occurs). The weaver checks the quality of incoming threads by number and color, performs preventive work to prevent breakage of the warp (longitudinal) and weft (transverse) threads, fabric defects, controls the density of the fabric and the accuracy of the weave pattern. Widespread multi-station service.

The weaver not only visually observes the looms, but also listens to their work, identifies malfunctions by sound. With the acquisition of professional experience, the sensitivity of the fingers of the worker's hands increases. Weavers subtly feel the quality of the thread and fabric by touch.

The work of a weaver is not only physical. One of the important mental tasks is the right choice of the machine maintenance route. When choosing a route, the weaver takes into account many factors: the operating modes of the machines, the quality of the threads, the humidity and temperature of the air in the workshop, information about the operation of the machines in the previous shift. Knowing how to take into account all the information, the weaver quickly, "on the go" mentally builds the desired route and, in accordance with it, makes a round of the machines. Therefore, an experienced weaver is distinguished not only by the speed of her hands, but also by the thoughtfulness of actions, the accurate prediction of events, which means a small proportion of accidents in the workplace.

Place of work

Weavers serving automated machines work in textile factories.

Masters of hand weaving work individually or in small workshops for the production of tapestries, carpets, etc.

Responsibilities:

The weaver carries out the production of decorative products and floor paths with one-color enumeration on hand looms.
It manufactures metal and synthetic nets from wire and synthetic threads of various grades for pulp and paper production on metal looms in accordance with established state standards.
Prepares and refuels serviced machines.
Produces a punching of the main threads and wires into shafts and reeds, takes part in the sampling of the warp on the serviced machines.
Ties shafts according to the dressing pattern and steps to shafts.
Regulates the supply and tension of the warp, weft density.
Eliminates the breakage of warp and weft threads, wire, yarn.
Changes the spool in the shuttle.
Closes up defects in the product, ties the bases.
Controls the state of the shuttle.
It cleans products from the ends of the threads.
Carries out the removal of accumulated products.
Cuts and rolls nets into rolls.
Collects and disposes of waste.
Maintains serviced machines.

Requirements:

Important qualities

Professional knowledge and skills

Education

To work as a weaver in a factory, it is enough to have an initial vocational education (VET), which can be obtained at a vocational school.

In the preparation, the ProfGuide material was used: a list of professions and their description