Profession weaver: what does he do? Weaver. Secrets of the profession People of what professions work in weaving factories
Weaving is an ancient craft, the history of which begins with the period of the primitive communal system and accompanies mankind at all stages of development. Weaving preceded weaving, where people used grass, reeds, creepers, strips of leather and animal sinews. Mastering the formation of the canvas, the primary goal of man was to protect the body from the effects environment. For years, decades, centuries, weaving has developed and improved. According to historical data for 5-6 thousand years BC. the first weaving machines appeared. These simple, but basic tools of the weaver's work facilitated and diversified his work. A fabric with a more complex texture and decatization was formed, which gave weaving a different semantic function, i.e. weaving is already considered as a trade and as creativity. For many centuries in a row, climatic, territorial and socio-economic conditions affect the transformation of tissue. The geography of the craft is also expanding. For many nations, weaving is the basis of national culture ...
Since ancient times in Rus' there was a traditional, home-made weaving, which played an important role in the life of the peasants. Every woman in the house from an early age knew how to weave clothes, belts, ribbons, towels, tablecloths, bedspreads, curtains, rugs and much more ... Craftswomen strove to create not only useful, but also beautiful things with their own hands. decor, color combination, ornamental motifs carried a symbolic meaning in every thing and served not only in everyday life, but were also used for rituals and national ceremonies. Flax, hemp, wool (goat or sheep) were used as raw materials. To begin with, the raw materials were grown, processed, bleached, dyed and spun. And only after that they started the laborious and attention-consuming process of weaving. A variety of techniques (wrap, heddle, sorting, mortgage), the imagination and taste of the weaver made it possible to create beautiful fabrics with national decoration.
In the 13th century the new and main achievement of mankind is the mechanical loom. This invention leads to the formation of manufactories. The next step in development is automation, and in the 18th century, looms begin to weave with the help of a motor. Factories and plants appear. Homespun fabrics are beginning to displace factory fabrics. Weaving is a thing of the past, and it is being replaced by “weaving”.
But the traditions of home weaving were passed down from generation to generation and have survived to this day. Thanks to masters who are against the monotony of the modern environment, this centuries-old craft is being revived even now, it acquires a new sound, like art.
Now you will have another opportunity to expand your world of needlework. On the machines, the canvas is formed simply and quickly! The fabric in the product acquires originality and a new sound, and the product itself becomes exclusive.
On the machines you can create unique, artistic canvases! The pattern on the fabric depends on the idea and imagination of the weaver. Hand weaving has been valued since ancient times and has long been considered an art. This craft at one time began to be forgotten, but now weaving is reviving and gaining more and more popularity!
Details Updated: 14/04/2019 10:50 Published: 08/05/2017 11:04
A weaver is a specialist in the textile industry who is engaged in the manufacture of fabrics using a loom.
Profession history:
Profession weaver originates from the Stone Age. The forefathers of modern weavers were people who tried to make fabrics by interweaving plant fibers, vines, strips of leather and other materials.
During excavations near the Turkish village of Chatal Huyuk, archaeologists managed to find a sample of linen fabric. As the research results showed, the material was made 6500 BC. The first looms were mechanisms, the basis of the fabric on which was in vertical position and was tied to the horizontal branches of low trees. At ground level, the threads were fixed with stones. Small pegs were often used as a support. The weft was woven with the warp by hand. Starting from the 5th millennium BC. e, the masters actively used manual machines that have been upgraded periodically.
In 1733, the world saw the invention of the Englishman John Kay - a loom with the so-called "shuttle-plane". Thus, it was possible to make a breakthrough in the textile industry. Factory spinning continued to develop steadily.
Profession features:
Predominantly women work in this area. Weavers are engaged in the manufacture of ribbons, ribbons and fabrics various kinds. Technical equipment is selected in accordance with the types of manufactured products and the type of their weave.
Today, automatic equipment operates in the textile industry. Manual or mechanical machines with a foot drive are used in the field of handicraft production. This is a very painstaking work, which requires perseverance and precise movements from the master.
Due to its specificity, work as a weaver is quite complex. Such work is contraindicated for people who suffer from diseases of the heart and respiratory organs. Violation of the musculoskeletal system or the presence of an allergy also prevents the successful passage of professional selection.
Responsibilities:
The weaver is a specialist who must monitor the level of product quality. The master maintains the machine, sets the optimal level of thread tension, eliminates breaks and changes shuttles, and also removes the finished product. Refueling the loom, collection and delivery of waste are also included in the list of duties of the weaver. In some cases, it is necessary to quickly eliminate minor technical malfunctions.
With multi-station service, the weaver must choose the most optimal route and sequence of work. For this reason, an experienced specialist is distinguished not only by sleight of hand, but also by deliberation of actions.
Important qualities:
- responsibility;
- accuracy;
- excellent vision;
- accurate eye gauge;
- no hearing problems
- fine motor skills are developed;
- attentiveness;
- endurance.
Skills and knowledge:
The weaver is a specialist who must know the principle of operation of the machine and its device, as well as - key features used fibers and finished fabrics. It requires the ability to quickly eliminate minor equipment malfunctions in the course of work, to carry out thread and wire scraping. The weaver should be able to determine by ear the nature of the work of the loom in order to prevent its possible failure.
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For friends!
Reference
Weaver is a weaver's worker. Weaving is the production of fabric on looms. For weaving, the warp and wefts from the preparatory workshop go to the weaving workshop for the production of fabric from them. The warp in the weaving of threads arranged parallel to each other and running along the fabric. The fabric on the loom is formed as a result of the sequential interweaving of two systems of threads - the warp and the weft, located perpendicular to the warp threads during the weaving process, they experience greater impacts of the working bodies of the machine than weft ones, therefore, they are subject to increased requirements for strength, endurance and wear resistance. Loom - main machine weaving production. Equipment or device for the manufacture of all kinds of pile, smooth, woven carpets. Cotton, silk, woolen fabrics and textile industry products.
Description of activity
The activity of a weaver is a work using knowledge in the field of devices and rules for the interaction of the main mechanisms and components of the machine, article numbers, appointments of manufactured products. The weaver must be able to distinguish types, numbers, colors, shades and other signs of raw materials, identify weaving defects, prevent and eliminate defects in fabrics and tape products.
Job responsibilities
The weaver carries out the production of decorative products and floor paths with one-color enumeration on hand looms. It manufactures metal and synthetic nets from wire and synthetic threads of various grades for pulp and paper production on metal looms in accordance with established state standards. Prepares and refuels serviced machines. Produces a punching of the main threads and wires into shafts and reeds, takes part in the sampling of the warp on the serviced machines. Ties shafts according to the dressing pattern and steps to shafts. Regulates the supply and tension of the warp, weft density. Eliminates the breakage of warp and weft threads, wire, yarn. Changes the spool in the shuttle. Closes up defects in the product, ties the bases. Controls the state of the shuttle. It cleans products from the ends of the threads. Carries out the removal of accumulated products. Cuts and rolls nets into rolls. Collects and disposes of waste. Maintains serviced machines.
Alyonkina Olga Arnoldovna, Volzhsky, Volgograd region
WEAVER
Fingers fly like birds -
The stream flows calico.
Fingers fly like bees -
The stream flows like silk.
Dictionary:
Weaver- a worker engaged in the manufacture of various fabrics on a loom.
Weaving- fabrication on a loom.
Fiber - yarn highest quality, cleanly scuffed and combed twice.
Historical reference
Spinning and weaving has been the traditional occupation of the female population since ancient times. Each peasant family had a spinning wheel and a loom, on which women made homespun cloth. Clothes, sheets, towels and other things were sewn from fabric.
In addition to simple canvas, women made patterned fabrics. At the same time, the weaving technique became more complicated. The material for weaving was yarn, which was obtained from flax and hemp, as well as from sheep's wool and goat's down. The yarn was often dyed at home in different colors, and then patterned fabrics turned out to be especially elegant.
The canvases woven, mainly during the winter season, were “whitened” (bleached) with the onset of a warm spring. For this purpose, they were first steamed in homemade wood ash lye, then spread on the grass in sunny weather. Then the canvases were soaked in river water and spread on the grass of a wet meadow. Under the hot rays of the sun, after about a month, the severity of the canvases disappeared, and they became white and soft.
Along with weaving at home, small enterprises began to emerge and successfully develop - workshops and factories for the production of simple linen, woven items and other household items. For example, in 1703 a rope factory was already operating in Voronezh, and a shawl factory by the landowner Vera Andreevna Eliseeva had been operating in the Nizhnedevitsky district since 1800. With her shawls, she became famous throughout Russia and abroad. Carpet factories, as well as gold embroidery, embroidery and lace workshops developed. Spinning and weaving schools were opened in a number of counties.
How threads are spun and fabrics are woven
M. Konstantinovsky, N. Smirnova
How many different things from fabrics in the world! And the fabrics themselves are so different: smooth and fluffy, light and heavy, warm and cool, dense and sparse... And all of them are called by the same name - fabrics.
sackcloth
Look at different fabrics through a magnified glass: the threads are intertwined everywhere! Now it is clear why the threads of fabrics hold each other so tightly. Who twisted them? Loom - that's who! Longitudinal threads, that is, those that are stretched along the loom, all the time jump up and down. The threads themselves do not jump, but the lattice makes them rise and fall. And across, into the gaps between the longitudinal threads, shuttles fly back and forth. Each shuttle pulls a transverse thread behind it (it is unwound from a spool hidden inside the shuttle).
Shuttle winds the transverse thread as it moves back and forth into the gap between the longitudinal threads
The shuttle is forced to move "bits" who hit him from the right, then from the left, like rackets on a shuttlecock when playing badminton
The shuttle flew back and again dragged the thread and the gap between the threads. And so it turns out weave
The fabric is woven from threads, but where do the threads come from? You can try it yourself, taking a piece of cotton wool, twist it with your fingers to form a thread. It turns out not very even, but real cotton. After all, cotton wool is cotton, only peeled. The fibers of cotton are fleecy, and when you squeeze them with your fingers and twist them, they cling to their fibers - that's the thread.
In the old days, the thread was also twisted with fingers and wound on a spindle. And now the threads are spun, that is, twisted, by huge spinning machines. Not only cotton threads, but also woolen and linen.
spinning machine
Cotton loves warmth and grows in the south. As the cotton ripens, the boxes burst, and in each - like a piece of cotton wool! Then they let the cotton harvester into the field. The cotton will be picked and laid out in the sun to dry. Then they are tied into bales and taken to the spinning mill. There it is loosened, cleaned of seeds, combed and spun from cotton fibers into cotton threads.
cotton field
Linen heat does not tolerate and grows in the north. How beautiful flowering flax is - the whole field is in blue flowers. Like the sea! Flax fades, seeds ripen on it - here it is cut, laid out on the ground and waiting for the microbes living on the ground to eat the glue with which the flax fibers are firmly glued together. Only after that it will be possible to comb the flax - to split its stems into separate fibers. Linen threads will be spun from these fibers.
Sheaves of flax
Wool obtained from sheep and spun from its thread. The sheep hairdresser will never ask: “What hairstyle do you want?” All sheep are sheared in one style - naked! Sheared sheep - and again graze in the meadow, grow new wool - until the next haircut. The wool is sent to the spinning mill.
flock of sheep
Silk obtained from the web. People do not need to spin silk thread - it is spun by a caterpillar of a butterfly, which is called a silkworm. Why a silkworm is understandable, but why a mulberry? Because the silkworm caterpillar eats only the leaves of the mulberry tree and does not recognize any other food. Before turning into a chrysalis, the caterpillar releases a thin thread and entangles itself with it from head to toe. It turns out a silk cocoon. And people are right there: they unwind a cocoon (yes, not one, but millions), rewind the thread onto spools and take it to a weaving factory.
silkworm butterfly
silkworm cocoon
Synthetics- threads for synthetic fabrics also do not need to be spun. At a chemical plant, chemists make plastic from oil or gas - for example, nylon. Nylon is heated to become soft, and squeezed out through a tiny hole - a nylon thread is obtained. Such a thread is several times thinner than a cobweb!
And the glass thread is drawn directly from the molten glass. Fiberglass is woven from glass threads. Such a fabric is impregnated with a special synthetic resin, it hardens - fiberglass is obtained. The strongest material! I can’t even believe that it is made of soft fabric, and soft fabric is made of fragile glass!
Lots of different fabrics in the world. For example, a “stone” thread is spun for it from fibers that are obtained from asbestos fibrous stone. Asbestos fabric does not burn in the hottest fire!
There is a fabric that can be heated electric shock- clothes for polar explorers are sewn from it ...
Road to happiness
We perceive life differently
Like a field of colorful patches.
Patch of pain, happiness and good luck ...
Diversity - the whole world is like that.
He, like a weaver, flies into a blanket
On a string the story of fate.
And each of us life is not enough,
To find out the results of divination.
Life cannot be lived in the same range,
It has a hundred shades of bright, a hundred roads.
The soul trembles with a bright chime
And it goes out, fades from anxiety.
We grow up in different ways
We meet wonderful people
And become loyal friends.
Our whole life is one road to happiness:
Thorny, colorful, not easy.
And God give us patience and participation,
And a bright shred for life!
Excerpts from Literary Works on Weaving and Fabrics
... She put him to bed, and she threw off her frog skin, turned into a red maiden and began to weave a carpet. Where it pricks with a needle once - the flower will bloom, where it pricks another time - cunning patterns go, where it pricks the third - birds fly ...
Russian folk tale "The Frog Princess"
"If I were a queen, -
Her sister says,
That would be one for the whole world
I wove canvases.
And Pushkin. "The Tale of King Satan and the Beautiful Swan Princess"
... The old mouse hired four spider-weavers, and they sat day and night in a mouse hole and wove canvases, prepared a dowry.
And a fat blind mole came to visit every evening and chatted that soon the summer would end, the sun would stop scorching the earth, and it would again become soft and loose. That's when they will play the wedding ...
G.-H. Andersen. "Thumbelina"
... In the capital of this king, life was very fun. Foreign guests came almost every day, and then one day two deceivers appeared. They pretended to be weavers and said that they could weave such a wonderful fabric, better than which nothing could be imagined: except for unusual beautiful drawing and the colors are distinguished by another amazing property - it becomes invisible to any person who is out of place or impassibly stupid.
G.-H. Andersen. "The King's New Dress"
... The hostess had three daughters. The older daughters only knew that they were sitting at the gate, looking out into the street, and the youngest worked for them: she sewed them, spun and wove for them - and never heard a kind word ...
…And so it came true. Khavroshechka fits into one ear of the cow, crawls out of the other - everything is ready: it is woven, and whitewashed, and rolled into pipes ...
Russian folk tale "Kroshechka-Havroshechka"
... The poor girl had to sit every day in the street by the well and spin yarn, so much so that her fingers bled from work.
And then it happened one day that the whole spindle was filled with blood. Then the girl bent down to the well to wash it, but the spindle jumped out of her hands and fell into the water. She ran to her stepmother and told her about her grief.
The stepmother began to scold her and said:
- Since you dropped the spindle, then manage to get it back.
... I jumped into the well for the spindle and ended up in the house of Mrs. ....
Brothers Grimm. "Mistress Metelitsa"
... Long winter evenings have come. The Tanya sisters put flax on combs and began to spin threads from it. “Those are threads,” Tanya thinks, “but where are the shirts?”
Winter, spring and summer have passed - autumn has come. Mother installed a cross in the hut, pulled the warp over them and began to weave. A shuttle ran nimbly between the threads, and then Tanya herself saw that a canvas was coming out of the threads.
When the canvas was ready, they began to freeze it in the cold, spread it over the snow.
And in the spring they spread it on the grass, in the sun, and sprinkled it with water. The canvas turned from gray to white.
K. Ushinsky. "How the shirt grew in the field"
Proverbs and sayings
At the lazy spinner
No shirt for myself.
Labor feeds and clothes.
Patter
The weaver weaves fabric on Tanya's dress.
Puzzles
Lightweight, not fluffy
Soft, not fur
White, not snow
But dress everyone.
(Cotton)
heated, dried,
They pounded, they tore,
Twisted, weaved,
They put it on the table.
(Linen)
Stretched out in winter
And turned around in the summer.
(Scarf)
He takes off his fur coat twice a year.
Who walks under a fur coat?
(Sheep)
thread
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Questions for self-examination
1. Who is the silkworm? What is he famous for?
2. How did people spin wool by hand?
3. What is the meaning of the proverb “Labor feeds and clothes”?
LITERATURE
Alyonkina, O.A. Occupational and labor socialization of youth / O.A. Alyonkina, T.V. Chernikov. – M.: Globus, 2009.
Alyonkina, O.A. Profile training in a correctional school // Modernization of management educational institution/ O.A. Alyonkina [i dr.]; ed. V.V. Serikova, T.V. Chernikova. – M.: APK i PPRO, 2004. – S. 73–79.
Bulycheva, N.A. Features of the professional choice of graduates of correction classes / N.A. Bulycheva // Correctional Pedagogy. - 2004. - No. 2 (4).
Gerasimova V.A., Cool hour playfully. Issue 2. - M .: TC Sphere, 2004. - 64 p.
Proverbs, sayings, riddles of the peoples of Russia / comp. M.P. Filipchenko. - Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2011. - 378 p. - (Wisdom of millennia).
Chernikova, T.V. Vocational guidance support for high school students / T.V. Chernikov. – M.: Globus, 2006.
Chistyakova, S.N. Professional orientation of schoolchildren: organization and management / S.N. Chistyakova, N.N. Zakharov. - M .: Pedagogy, 1987.
What's happened. Who is: children's encyclopedia. In 3 vols. T. 1. A-F / comp. V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuriev. 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: AST, 2007. C - 519
What's happened. Who is: children's encyclopedia. In 3 vols. T. 2. Z - O / comp. V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuriev. 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: AST, 2007. C - 503.
What's happened. Who is: children's encyclopedia. In 3 vols. T. 3. P - I / comp. V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuriev. 5th ed., revised. and additional - M.: AST, 2007. C - 519
Shalaeva G.P., Big Book of Professions / G.P. Shalaev. – M.: AST: WORD: Polygraphizdat, 2010. – 240p.
I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Inventions. - M .: LLC Firm "Publishing House AST"; 1999.
I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: History. - M .: LLC Firm "Publishing House AST"; 1997.
I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Animals. - M .: LLC Firm "Publishing House AST"; 1997.
1000 riddles. For children 3-6 years old. - M.: CJSC "OLMA Media Group", 2011. - 240p. – Series “The program for the development and education of a preschooler
Drawings: Abutkina N.Yu., Alyonkina O.A., Alyonkina O.M.
