PTI blood test: what is it, norm, decoding. Biochemical blood test INR and PTI - what is it? Oak Sun

A blood coagulation test is an important enough study that helps to establish the cause of a number of serious illnesses. It helps to prevent thrombosis or bleeding in time.

PTI (prothrombin index) - what is it? At the time of the study, in a blood test, you can determine how long the plasma of a particular person coagulates, and compare the value with the established norms. This difference is converted into a percentage.. The permissible norm in the blood is 78-142%, the prothrombin index according to Quick is 95-105%.

Prothrombin is a protein that is the precursor to thrombin. And thrombin, in turn, plays an important role in thrombosis. Prothrombin is produced in the liver. Vitamin K contributes to this. If vitamin K is not enough, bleeding can be provoked due to a decrease in the amount of prothrombin.

When is the analysis done?

Required in the following cases:

in anticipation of the operation;
for patients who use anticoagulants to prevent thrombosis;
during pregnancy;
patients with a blood clotting problem suffering from varicose veins;
in people suffering from disorders in cardiovascular system;
with vitamin K deficiency;
with cirrhosis of the liver.

The following specialists can appoint such an analysis:

traumatologist;
therapist;
pediatrician;
cardiologist;
surgeon;
pulmonologist.

How to take an analysis

Before you go to a medical facility for an analysis, you need to prepare.

To get the most accurate result, it is better to take an analysis on an empty stomach between 8 and 11 hours. Ideally, the interval between the last meal and the test should be from 8 to 14 hours. Please note: this time should not exceed 14 hours.
On the eve, you should not eat fatty, spicy foods, you should stop drinking alcoholic beverages. Do not smoke one hour before the test.
Contraindications for taking medicines. If you are taking a course of certain drugs, it is worth postponing the analysis until the treatment is stopped. There are situations when medication cannot be interrupted. In such cases, the patient is obliged to provide all information about the dosage and the name of the drugs.

Blood for analysis is taken from a vein. It is collected in a test tube with sodium citrate. The plasma is then separated from the blood cells using a centrifuge.

Deciphering the results

Reasons for the low score:

Vitamin K deficiency.
Liver disease.
Heredity.

Increased percentage due to:

Congenital clotting problems.
Vitamin K deficiency.
Heparin.
Oncological diseases.
The use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

The norm in pregnant women

The prothrombin index during pregnancy rises to 90-120%. This can be attributed to hormonal changes in the body of a pregnant woman.

It is important to analyze the IPT, especially during pregnancy, two to four times. Great emphasis on it should be made in the last trimester, because there is very little time left before the birth and it is necessary to trace the dynamics.

When the percentage rises to 150, this can become a threat of placental abruption. When the rate drops below 90%, you can expect heavy bleeding during or after childbirth.

If a pregnant woman shows failures in the percentage, do not refuse inpatient observation at the maternity hospital. Future mother it is important to be under the supervision of specialists.

Quick indicators

Quick analysis is done for additional examination of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the liver.

Quick analysis is performed in the following cases:

When clotting is impaired.
There are ailments associated with the liver.
There is a process of increased thrombosis.
With a disease such as blood cancer.
In cases associated with vitamin K deficiency.

What performance limits are acceptable:

Up to 6 years - 80-100.
From 6 to 12 - 79-102.
From 12 to 18 - 78-110.
From 18 to 25 - 82-115.
From 25 to 45 - 78-135.
From 45 to 65 - 78-142.

The norm for women and the norm for men, regardless of age, are identical.

Prothrombin time is an indicator that reflects the seconds during which plasma coagulates after adding the desired mixture to it.

In children, especially newborns, this figure is 14-18 seconds.
For adults, the normal figure is 10-15. The optimal value of prothrombin time ranges from 9-12 seconds.

INR - international normalized ratio

INR is a special method that is used to monitor the final result of the prothrombin test. The use of this method is strongly recommended by representatives of international health organizations.

Thanks to the results that the specialist receives after this study, he can trace how effectively the treatment with synthetic agents is being carried out.

is 0.85-1.15.
If we are talking about the treatment or prevention of venous thrombosis, pulmonary diseases or deformation of the heart valves, then the INR norm can reach 3.0.

Prothrombin is elevated

If prothrombin is elevated according to Quick, what could cause such a result and what measures should be taken? An increase is indicated by a prothrombin index of more than 150%.

The following factors can lead to this:

Many diseases characterized by a decrease in vitamin K.
ICE syndrome.
Ailments that interfere with the normal production of fibrin.
Heredity and other pathologies that can lead to a clotting problem.
An increase in the indicator can be caused by drugs with their long-term use, for example:
1. Aspirin.
2. Broad spectrum antibiotics.
3. Heparin.
4. Anabolic.
5. Laxatives.
6. Methotrexate.
7. Nicotinic acid.

Most often, prothrombin in the female and male part of the population increases at the age of 45-50 years. This indicator in women can be increased due to the use of hormonal drugs.

If a woman has a serious cardiovascular disease, the use of hormonal birth control pills should be canceled immediately. You can replace them with an analogue in the form of suppositories or a vaginal ring.

What to do with an increased prothrombin rate

How to lower the prothrombin rate? This category of people must adhere to a certain diet and lifestyle.

You need to eat as many foods as possible that contribute to blood thinning. It is important to understand that there are a number of foods that can cause blood to thicken.

The list of necessary ingredients to lower the level of prothrombin:

known to all oatmeal. Oatmeal not only helps to stabilize digestion, but also prevents thickening of the blood. Ideally, you should eat this dish as a breakfast. If desired, you can supplement the porridge with fresh berries.
Tomato juice, especially when it is prepared from fresh vegetables on its own. Many make a gross mistake by adding salt to the juice.
Beetroot is an ideal vegetable that helps reduce prothrombin levels.
What is a diet without ginger! It can be added to tea. Ginger root thins the blood, resists the formation of blood clots.
Linseed oil, olive oil.
Fish fat. Currently, it can be purchased in pharmacies in the form of capsules. This is an excellent odorless and tasteless option.
In the process of cooking, it is recommended to use apple cider vinegar.
A pineapple. It is enough to eat quite a bit of it to start beneficial processes in the body.

What rules should be followed during the diet:

Give preference to vegetables, fruits and fresh berries.
Meat may be present on the table, but in minimal doses.
Meat can be replaced with fish.
Limit baking.
It is best to cook in a double boiler.
You need to eat more often, but dosed.
Be sure to drink regularly.

What to eat and drink:

Smoked products.
Fatty, rich soups.
Canned food.
Alcoholic drinks.

Decreased prothrombin

If the prothrombin index is lowered, this may indicate excessive activity of the prothrombin protein. A decrease can be observed in pregnant women, in those suffering from polycythemia (this is an increased blood viscosity), and in patients with venous thrombosis.

A decrease in the indicator can signal the following diseases:

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Dysbacteriosis.
prothrombin deficiency.
Hypovitaminosis.
Oncological diseases.
Allergic reaction.

Most often, a decrease in this indicator occurs due to the diet and is found in representatives of the strong half of humanity. It is men who make the choice meat products by eating few fruits and vegetables.

What to do if the prothrombin level is low?

Usually, specialists prescribe to their patients the use of drugs such as heparin, warfarin.

In conjunction with drug treatment, you need to monitor your diet. Here is a list of products that are not recommended for use with a reduced level of prothrombin:

Animal fats.
Buckwheat porridge.
Beets, red cabbage, red pepper.
Bakery products.
Salting and smoking.
Greenery.
Legumes.

Failures in prothrombin levels can lead to bleeding. They can be prevented by including the right foods in your diet as preventive measures:

Fish and fish oil.
Onion and garlic.
Citruses, especially lemon.
Ginger root.
Green tea and cocoa.
Oatmeal.
Cranberries, raspberries or figs.

fibrinogen

Produced by biscuits. It is he who takes part in thrombosis. Analysis of the prothrombin index and fibrinogen protein characterizes the links of one chain.

When thrombin is activated, this entails a change in fibrinogen. And it, in turn, is converted into fibers - fibrin. These inextricable fibers appear in the form of a thrombus, which already plays a direct role in blocking the vessel.

The fibrinogen protein reaches its peak in the first few days after a stroke, heart attack, inflammation, and influenza. An increase in this indicator can be observed in smokers, pregnant women, in people suffering from diseases endocrine system, and with prolonged use of hormonal medications.

A decrease in the fibrinogen protein index is observed in people:

with diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract;
with a lack of vitamin B12;
during pregnancy, toxicosis;
during the period of taking anabolic steroids;
when taking a certain group of medicines.

The only effective prevention of any disease is the rejection bad habits, proper nutrition, dosed physical activity and timely examination.

Some dysfunctions of the human body require biochemical tests, one of them is a blood test (prothrombin index). It is carried out before surgery and in the postoperative period in diseases characterized by a disorder in the function of plasma coagulation in the blood.

The result obtained allows you to determine the prothrombin index, which is calculated by the percentage of the period of clotting of the patient's plasma to the period of clotting of the control plasma.

The PTI blood test is one of the main indicators of the coagulogram. is a profile examination that determines the coagulability of plasma in the blood.

Plasma clotting means the ability of the liquid state of the blood to turn into a thick one. The liquid consistency of blood performs many functions in the human body:

transportation useful substances in organs and tissues of the body
maintains a normal temperature in the body
protects the body from the adverse effects of infections

With mechanical damage to tissues and organs, an important function is also manifested. This process prevents large blood loss, while creating a blood clot.

Blood coagulation is formed due to the active action of the protein prothrombin, which is a precursor of thrombin that affects the formation of clots.

The prothrombin protein is formed in the liver tissues under the active influence of vitamin K. When examining the prothrombin index in a patient, the function can be determined from the obtained indicators.

A PTI blood test is very important both for diseases requiring surgical intervention and for diseases that contribute to the formation of blood clots or.

Appointment for a blood test

The need to prescribe a PTI blood test occurs with such diseases:

impaired function of plasma coagulation in the blood
phlebeurysm
atherosclerosis
with impaired hepatic function
disorder of body functions due to vitamin K deficiency
a number of autoimmune diseases
control of clotting function after long-term medical therapy with indirect anticoagulants
antiphospholipid syndrome

Sometimes constant monitoring of the plasma coagulation function is required, it is necessary for such categories of patients:

having artificial valve heart (if present, there is high risk thrombus formation)
suffering from varicose veins and complicated thrombosis
people with cardiovascular diseases (arrhythmia, angina pectoris and others)

According to the results of the PTI blood test, the following are determined:

dysfunction
how much vitamin K is in the body
outcome of anticoagulant treatment
indicators
how high is the risk of blood clots in varicose veins
what is the risk of having a stroke or heart attack

The analysis is prescribed to pregnant women before childbirth or before surgery in order to determine the tendency of blood to form blood clots or bleeding, which will subsequently help to avoid tragic consequences.

Preparation and procedure

The basic rule is that blood is taken on an empty stomach for analysis.

Preparation for a PTI blood test requires special attention, the patient must follow certain rules before the procedure, then the result will be accurate and correct.

Before the analysis, you can drink only non-carbonated water. Before taking blood, drink one glass of water. You can not drink alcoholic beverages, spicy and fried foods three days before the test, you should also refrain from smoking.

The procedure should take place in peace, so the patient must avoid stressful situations, nervous conditions and physical activity. The thing is that the stress hormone affects the increased blood clotting.

If the patient took any medications before donating blood, he must inform the doctor about it.

Observing these simple rules, in the future, accurate results are obtained, taking into account which the possible risk of complications is determined, both during the operation and in the postoperative period.

The procedure for donating blood is as follows:

an anticoagulant is placed in the test tube (usually sodium citrate is taken);
blood is taken from the patient from a vein, which is added to a test tube with a coagulant (this is how non-clotting blood is obtained);
blood cells are removed from the tube by centrifugation;
thromboplastins and calcium chloride are added to the test tube with the contents;
the time until the formation of a clot is noted.

We note right away that the increased prothrombin index is affected by:

taking drugs of the acetohexamide group, taking antibiotics, coumarins;
third trimester of pregnancy;
taking contraceptives and corticosteroids;
taking mercaptorunine, barbiturates.

The prothrombin index is defined as the ratio of the reference value of clotting time to the result of the patient's blood clotting time. The accuracy of the result depends on the patient's compliance with the rules of preparation before analysis.

Deciphering the analysis: norm and deviation

An IPT blood test is often performed using the Quick method, where the norm is considered to be in the range from 78 to 142 percent. Deviations from the norm is the tendency of the patient to form serious diseases. It is dangerous to ignore the results obtained in this case.

Deviations of the results down from the norm indicates a possible risk of bleeding. According to these indicators, you can diagnose:

deficiency in vitamin K
the presence of pathological processes in, dysbacteriosis
dysfunction
deficiency of indicators that affect coagulation, which are hereditary in nature
hereditary deficiency of fibrinogen (colorless protein)
excess heparin in the blood (a direct anticoagulant found in the liver that prevents blood from clotting)
pathological disorders of protein metabolism in the body
disease formation
neoplasms in the gallbladder,
chronic pancreatitis
chronic leukemia

The deviation of the analysis indicator below the norm can be influenced by the intake of medications.The result of the analysis with indicators above the established norm indicates that the patient's body is subject to strong blood clotting.

More information about blood clotting can be found in the video:

IN medical practice this phenomenon is called hypercoagulability. According to these results, they diagnose:

deficiency of indicators affecting clotting, they can be both acquired and hereditary
concentration increase
onset of thrombosis
Availability

The deviation of the results in the direction of increasing from the norm can be determined in pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. In this case, repeated studies are carried out, as well as additional tests in order to exclude possible violations in the body.

It is impossible to independently decipher the result of a PTI blood test, the data obtained by laboratory assistants are transferred to an experienced medical specialist. Sometimes one is not enough for an accurate diagnosis, sometimes additional tests are required.

As described above, prothrombin is important component blood, which ensures its normal. Patients in whom, according to the study, deviations of the prothrombin index from the norm were determined, can normalize its level by observing simple rules. First of all, you need to drink plenty of fluids. It can be juices, tea, low-fat soups. It is also good to eat fruits and vegetables.

It is known that the amount of vitamin K affects the production of prothrombin in the blood, so it is important to limit the drinking of decoctions from such medicinal herbs as: cudweed, tansy, nettle, immortelle, yarrow, plantain. These herbs help increase the function of blood clotting.

By following the above tips, prothrombin in the blood will keep to normal levels, which will minimize the risk of possible bleeding or blood clots.

The rate of prothrombin in the blood is a very important component of human health.

With its results, deviations in any direction threaten the development of serious illnesses, bleeding or the formation of thrombosis. Therefore, it is important to constantly monitor the prothrombin index and follow the normalization rules described above.

A biochemical blood test (coagulogram) includes a special study and a PTI blood test, as well as an INR analysis, which are indicators of the state of the human blood coagulation system.

PTI blood test, or prothrombin index, what is it and what is it for? This is a test, the decoding of which allows you to determine the presence of blood clotting factors. This is done by calculating the percentage of time during which the process of clotting of the patient's plasma proceeds to the period of clotting of the control plasma. Or the ratio of prothrombin time in a person in the absence of diseases to the indicator of the subject.

INR, or the international normative ratio of coagulation, the indicators and level of which are accepted as a single definition throughout the world, is a blood test for the rate of clot formation. Or the ratio of the prothrombin time of the test to the standard prothrombin time taken as the standard.

Coagulogram (PTI analysis and INR analysis) - a study of a blood test for prothrombin. It is he who is an indicator characterizing the state of human blood clotting. Prothrombin is a complex protein that is produced in the liver with the direct participation of vitamin K. It is referred to as coagulation factor 2, since it is considered to be a precursor of thrombitis, a protein that stimulates the formation of a blood clot. Blood clotting is considered to be the extent to which it is capable of forming clots. This is very important property, since it is it that allows the formation of a blood clot that can prevent bleeding and further significant blood loss.

The norm is from 95 to 105% and largely depends on the reagents used and their sensitivity.

Hypocoagulation (poor blood clotting and a tendency to loss) is determined when the prothrombin index is underestimated relative to the norm. The reason is considered to be:

insufficient amount of vitamin K, which provides the synthesis of coagulation factors;
taking medications that can stimulate clotting;
violations of the synthesis of coagulation factors associated with distortions of liver function;
congenital disorders;
lack of fibrinogen.

Hypercoagulation (increased blood clotting) is determined in cases where the prothrombin index is above normal. Reasons are considered:

congenital deficiencies of clotting factors;
acquired deficiencies, the cause of which lies in violations of the functional functioning of the liver, due to chronic diseases, as well as nephrotic syndrome;
the use of anticoagulants;
the presence of heparin;
oncology (leukemia, both acute and chronic);
the use of antibiotics, laxatives, anabolic steroids, quinine, nicotinic acid;
long-term use of hormonal contraceptives.

Interpretation of INR analysis

The results of the INR study are not affected by the laboratory conditions in which they are carried out. They are directly related to the activity of coagulation factors of specific blood proteins.

The norm for patients with various forms of treatment will vary from 0.85 to 4.5% under different conditions.

Going beyond the accepted limits is undesirable and extremely dangerous.

Excesses indicate a decrease in clotting and may be fraught with internal or external bleeding. In the case when the indicators are increased by more than 6 units, we are talking about the need for urgent hospitalization, since the risk of bleeding is extremely high.

A decrease in the level of INR in a blood test indicates the following conditions of the patient:

lack of vitamin K in the amount necessary for the body;
prothrombin deficiency, which can be both congenital and acquired pathology;
in case of injury or necrosis, an excessive amount of tissue thromboplastitis enters the bloodstream;
hypercoagulation of a pregnant woman or a woman in labor.

It is such a biochemical blood test as a coagulogram that helps to determine the tendency to thrombosis on the eve of surgical interventions. As well as cases of a threat of the risk of thrombosis and bleeding, both external and internal, with preeclampsia or fetoplacental insufficiency.

Often, doctors evaluate PTI in a blood test, but what it is, some patients do not know.

With the results of a blood test for the prothrombin index, they are sent for surgery and childbirth, and are also treated after surgical interventions.

Sometimes doctors report that they have identified a disease by the value of PTI. So what is this indicator and why is it so important?

Blood circulates throughout the body in liquid form, which is necessary to transport various useful elements to the internal organs and provide them with oxygen.

The connective tissue of the body in a liquid state is able to control body temperature and create a barrier against the penetration of harmful microorganisms into the body.

In order for blood to perform its functions exclusively in liquid form, a special biological system works in the body - hemostasis.

Thanks to hemostasis, the vessels do not lose a lot of blood as a result of microdamages, and the formation of blood clots in the damaged areas prevents them from this.

In other words, hemostasis is a blood coagulation system.

When bleeding, the blood should coagulate, forming a dense mesh at the site of damage, attaching the thrombus to the walls of the damaged vessel.

For a blood clot to form, the blood changes from a liquid to a solid state. To this end, the blood at the site of damage thickens, serving as an obstacle to the release of blood cells to the outside.

Thickening of the blood causes a special protein dissolved in it - prothrombin.

To determine this protein, a biochemical blood test for PTI is directed. As a result, a coagulogram is obtained, which reflects all indicators characterizing the coagulability of the liquid connective tissue organism.

The prothrombin index or PTI is a biochemical analysis value that indicates the clotting time of plasma of liquid connective tissue relative to the clotting time of control plasma. The resulting index is expressed as a percentage.

But in Europe, a different indicator is used to assess the coagulability of liquid connective tissue. They are served by the INR (international normalization ratio).

This indicator means the same as the prothrombin index, but a special standardized tissue factor is used to identify it. The INR is about the same percentage as the prothrombin index.

Prothrombin is produced by the liver, so it helps to assess the state of this organ, as well as the digestive system.

In order to obtain correct information, it is necessary to prepare for a biochemical analysis to determine the prothrombin index.

Before passing this analysis, it is necessary to cancel breakfast and taking medications that make the blood clot better.

Norms for the blood coagulation index

The one who possesses good health, the prothrombin index should be 85% (+/- 15%).

But in a person undergoing drug therapy with warfarin, an indicator of 25-45% is considered normal.

True, the norm indicator sometimes differs from the numbers presented, because thromboplastin of different production used during the analysis may have unequal activity.

As for the INR, for those who take anticoagulants, it should have certain limits. To determine them, special experiments were carried out.

If the study showed that the INR level was low, then this meant that preventive measures would not bring the desired result.

Upon receipt of an increased indicator of the international normalization ratio, it was concluded that the risk of severe bleeding would be so great that it would exceed the benefit of preventing thrombosis. Therefore, during the study, it was important to find the optimal value.

During therapy with warfarin, it is required to constantly measure the international normalization ratio.

This analysis will determine whether the correct dose is chosen and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. What should be the dose determines the time during which the blood has time to clot.

For men and women who are not undergoing warfarin therapy, there is an INR norm.

Biochemical analysis of their fluid connective tissue should show an international normalization ratio of 1.

If its indicator is 2, then the norm is exceeded by 2 times, and an indicator with a value of 3 means that the blood coagulates 3 times faster than expected.

But the norm of the value of the international normalizing attitude is not always stable - it is influenced by the state of the person.

In a heart rhythm disorder called atrial fibrillation, it can be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 3.

In the preoperative period in men and women, the INR is 0.85 - 1.25. During treatment for arterial thromboembolism in the lungs, this indicator can be from 2 to 3.

The norm of the international normalization relationship after implantation of a prosthetic device into the body mitral valve ranges from 2.5 to 3.5.

In the treatment of deep vein thrombosis, the optimal value of the international normalization ratio is two or three.

The norm of this indicator for a person with vascular disease should be within the range of 3 to 4.5.

What is revealed in case of deviation from the norms?

Deciphering the increased prothrombin index in the analysis may indicate that hemostasis is not functioning properly - it accelerates the connection of particles in dispersed systems.

This may be caused by:

the initial stage of thrombosis (blockage of veins by blood clots);
an increase in the number of red blood cells;
the appearance of malignant growths inside the body;
poor blood clotting (hereditary or acquired).

Increased PTI occurs in women who take hormonal preparations protecting against unwanted pregnancy.

This figure also rises in pregnant women when they are several months away from giving birth.

When the international normalization ratio is increased (more than 1.25), congenital pathologies of the hemostasis system are diagnosed.

Often, hemostasis can accelerate the process of blood clotting due to liver disease and pre-infarction conditions.

An increase in the level of the international normalization ratio can be provoked by a violation of the absorption of fats by the small intestine, a cancerous tumor, or the occurrence of hemorrhagic diathesis in infants.

If the analysis reflected a reduced level of PTI, then its decoding may indicate the following ailments:

dysbacteriosis or improper functioning of the small intestine;
hereditary disease, expressed in deficient production of fibrogen;
metabolic disorder;
cancer of the pancreas or bladder;
leukemia (in acute or chronic form).

The norm of the prothrombin index can be shifted down in severe DIC (hemostasis does not function properly).

Deciphering a low prothrombin index may indicate nephrosis or pancreatitis.

The prothrombin index (PTI) is one of the most important laboratory tests that characterizes the state of the coagulation system. It is expressed as a percentage. Under various conditions, an analysis for PTI is prescribed. Norm y healthy people is 95-105%.

It is carried out in two directions - internal and external ways. The PTI value reflects exactly the extrinsic clotting pathway.

What is prothrombin?

The formation of blood clots and thrombi occurs under the influence of a special protein - thrombin, which, under the influence of certain biochemical processes, is converted from prothrombin. Thus, the prothrombin protein is the second blood coagulation factor. It is synthesized with the participation of vitamin K in the liver.

The prothrombin index (according to Quick) allows you to determine the activity of prothrombin. This test is calculated as a percentage of the patient's blood plasma values with a control sample. To control the work of the coagulation system, a blood test for PTI is prescribed. The norm in different laboratories may differ slightly, but these differences are not significant. They depend on the reagents with which the laboratory works. In some conditions, for example, with varicose veins, heart attacks, or after heart surgery, the doctor sets the norms for patients, because. in these cases, it is necessary to achieve blood hypocoagulation (decrease in its coagulability). This is done to prevent thrombosis.

Who is assigned an analysis for PTI?

Usually, in the study of PTI, the norm in women is the same as in men. This indicator changes only during pregnancy, and there are a number of reasons for this, which we will talk about a little later. In what cases is a PTI biochemical blood test prescribed? The norm of this study, for example, when taking indirect anticoagulants, can be two times lower. Patients taking such drugs should regularly monitor IPT and INR. Research on PTI is necessarily carried out in the following situations:

Before any operation.
People taking anticoagulant medications to prevent blood clots.
Women during pregnancy.
People suffering from diseases of the coagulation system, for example, with varicose veins.
With autoimmune disorders.
With atherosclerosis and heart disease.
With liver pathologies, for example, cirrhosis.
With vitamin K deficiency.
With antiphospholipid syndrome.
For screening testing of the coagulation system.

During pregnancy, it is mandatory to take an analysis for PTI. The norm in women during pregnancy is slightly higher than in other healthy people. It is related to the change hormonal background and the appearance of an additional uteroplacental circulation.

During pregnancy, all women are required to undergo a coagulogram study. It includes:

PTI (prothrombin index).
fibrinogen.

All these parameters are extremely important. Thus, an increase in PTI in the last stages of pregnancy to 150% or more may indicate the risk of placental abruption. And with a decrease in this indicator before childbirth below 80%, there is a risk of bleeding during childbirth or in the postpartum period. Thus, it is especially important to examine the coagulation system at the end of pregnancy. To do this, pass the analysis of PTI. The rate of this indicator during pregnancy varies from 90 to 120%.

What does an increase in PTI indicate?

So, we found out that when the blood thickens, the value of PTI increases. The norm of this indicator in healthy people ranges from 95 to 105%. An increase in the prothrombin index may indicate the risk of developing diseases such as:

Myocardial infarction.
Thromboembolism.
Polycythemia.
Oncological diseases.
Placental abruption in pregnant women.

What does a low PTI mean?

In cases of taking anticoagulants, the level of PTI can drop to 45-40%. With the threat of blood clots, the dose of these drugs is controlled by a doctor. After increasing or decreasing the dose of the drug, an analysis for PTI is mandatory. The rate for such patients is determined by the attending physician. If the prothrombin index has decreased not while taking anticoagulants, then this may indicate, for example, vitamin K deficiency, serious liver disease, or gastrointestinal tract in general, and in pregnant women before childbirth - about the risk of bleeding during labor.

What is MNO?

This indicator is the standard for determining blood coagulation. The INR value responds to the activity of certain blood proteins, which are such proteins are produced in the liver with the participation of vitamin K. These coagulation factors respond to the intake of drugs - indirect anticoagulants, for example, "Dabigatran", "Warfarin" or their analogues. In this case, hypocoagulation occurs, i.e. blood clotting is much slower. For some patients, this is vital, many of them are forced to take anticoagulants for life.

In the coagulogram, in addition to the PTI analysis, other indicators are of great importance. When prescribed to patients, PTI is reduced. But for the analysis of PTI, the norm in each laboratory may differ slightly, so a standardized test was introduced - INR. Doctors use it to control the blood coagulation system when patients take anticoagulants. Thus, in these cases, the INR is prescribed in parallel with such an indicator as a blood test for PTI. The norm of INR in healthy people is from 0.8 to 1.2. When taking anticoagulants, clotting decreases, hypocoagulation occurs, and INR can increase 2-3 times normal, for example, during heart surgery or varicose veins to prevent blood clots. If the blood becomes thicker, its coagulability increases and, accordingly, the INR index decreases.

Hypocoagulation. In what situations is it necessary?

In the analysis of PTI, the norm is from 95 to 100%, and the INR is from 0.8 to 1.2. Recall that such norms should be in absolutely healthy people. But there are situations when it is vital to maintain the INR values at high numbers, respectively, the PTI indicators will be below the norm, i.e. this will be the state of hypocoagulation. This condition is achieved by taking indirect anticoagulants. The dose of the drug can only be determined by a doctor. Patients who constantly take such medicines, should regularly take a blood test for INR.

In the case of atrial fibrillation, the INR values \u200b\u200bshould be maintained within the range of 2.0-3.0.
A serious condition - - also requires maintaining the INR level within 2.0-3.0.
After heart surgery, it is necessary to take anticoagulants, while in the case of aortic valve replacement, the INR figures must be maintained within the appropriate range of 2.0-3.0, and during prosthetics - at the level of 2.5-3.5.
With some defects in the heart valves (mitral or aortic disease) and the prevention of thromboembolism, the level of this indicator should be in the range of 2.0-3.0.
In the treatment of venous thrombosis, the INR numbers should correspond to 2.0-3.0.

With a decrease in the INR below the permissible limits, the dose of "Warfarin" or its analogues is increased. This is done exclusively under the supervision of a doctor and laboratory tests. But an increase in hypocoagulation (an increase in INR values) above the acceptable corridor can also adversely affect the health of patients. This is dangerous in the first place with various bleeding. They can be both internal (uterine, gastric or intracavitary), and external, caused by various injuries or cuts. If the INR figures are above the acceptable limit indicated for a particular condition, then the dose of anticoagulants must be reduced. Some patients have to control the level of INR for life.

How to take a blood test for INR and PTI?

Blood for such studies is taken in. Venous blood is taken into a test tube with an anticoagulant, which is usually sodium citrate. The ratio between the collected blood and anticoagulant should be 9:1. The sample taken is mixed well by inverting the tube to prevent clot formation. The blood is immediately sent to the laboratory. The analysis must be carried out no later than two hours after blood sampling. Failure to comply with these conditions may distort the result of the analysis. Blood is usually donated in the morning on an empty stomach, but if necessary, this analysis can be done at other times by cito, i.e. urgently.