Administrative reforms of Peter I. The system of central government under Peter I Governance of the country under Peter 1

The wise man avoids all extremes.
Lao Tzu

The reforms of Peter 1 are his main and key activities, which were aimed at changing not only the political, but also the social life of Russian society. According to Pyotr Alekseevich, Russia lagged far behind the Western countries in its development. This confidence of the king was further strengthened after he conducted a great embassy. Trying to transform the country, Peter 1 changed almost all aspects of the life of the Russian state, which took shape over the centuries.

What was the reform of the central government

The reform of the central government was one of the first transformations of Peter. It should be noted that this reformation continued long time, since it was based on the need to completely restructure the work of the Russian authorities.

The reforms of Peter 1 in the field of central administration began in 1699. On initial stage this change affected only the Boyar Duma, which was renamed the Near Office. With this step, the Russian tsar removed the boyars from power, allowed him to concentrate power in a more pliable and loyal office. This was an important step that required priority implementation, since it allowed the centralization of the country's administration.

The Senate and its functions

At the next stage, the king organized the Senate as the main body of government in the country. It happened in 1711. The Senate became one of the key bodies in governing the country, with the broadest powers, which were as follows:

Legislative activity
Administrative activity
Judicial functions in the country
Control functions for other bodies

The Senate consisted of 9 people. These were representatives of noble families, or people who were exalted by Peter himself. In this form, the Senate existed until 1722, when the emperor approved the post of prosecutor general, who controlled the legality of the activities of the Senate. Prior to this, this body was independent and did not carry any report.

Creation of boards

The reform of the central government continued in 1718. For three whole years (1718-1720) it took the reformer tsar to get rid of the last legacy of his predecessors - orders. All orders in the country were abolished and boards came in their place. There was no actual difference between the colleges and orders, but in order to radically change the administrative apparatus, Peter went for this transformation. In total, the following bodies were created:

College of Foreign Affairs. She was in charge of foreign policy states.
Military board. Engaged in ground forces.
Admiralty Board. Controlled the Russian Navy.
Office of Justice. Handled litigation, including civil and criminal cases.
Berg College. Under her command was the country's mining industry, as well as factories for this industry.
Manufactory College. Engaged in the entire manufacturing industry in Russia.

In fact, only one difference between collegiums and orders can be singled out. If in the latter the decision was always made by one person, then after the reform all decisions were made collectively. Of course, not many people decided, but the leader always had several advisers. They helped to take correct solution. After the introduction of the new system, a special system was developed to control the activities of the collegiums. For these purposes, the General Regulations were created. It was not general, but was published for each collegium in accordance with its specific work.

secret office

Peter created a secret office in the country, which dealt with cases of state crimes. This office replaced the Preobrazhensky order, which dealt with the same issues. It was a specific state body that was not subordinate to anyone except Peter the Great. In fact, with the help of the secret office, the emperor maintained order in the country.

Decree on unity. Table of ranks.

The decree on single inheritance was signed by the Russian tsar in 1714. Its essence boiled down, in addition to everything, to the fact that the courts, which belonged to the boyar and noble estates, were completely equated. Thus, Peter pursued one single goal - to equalize the knowledge of all levels that were represented in the country. This ruler is known for the fact that he could bring a person without a family closer to him. After signing this law, he could give each of them what they deserved.

This reform continued in 1722. Peter introduced the Table of Ranks. In fact, this document equalized the rights in public service for aristocrats of all backgrounds. This Table divided the entire public service into two large categories: civil and military. Regardless of the type of service, all state ranks were divided into 14 ranks (classes). They included all key positions, ranging from simple performers to managers.

All ranks were divided into the following categories:

14-9 levels. An official who was in these ranks received the nobility and peasants in his possession. The only restriction was that such a nobleman could use the property, but not dispose of it as property. In addition, the estate could not be inherited.
8 - 1 level. This is the highest administration, which not only became the nobility and received full control of the possessions, as well as serfs, but also got the opportunity to transfer their property by inheritance.

Regional reform

The reforms of Peter 1 affected many areas of the life of the state, including the work of local governments. The regional reform of Russia was planned for a long time, but was carried out by Peter in 1708. It completely changed the work of the local government apparatus. The whole country was divided into separate provinces, of which there were 8 in total:

Moscow
Ingermanlandskaya (later renamed Petersburg)
Smolensk
Kyiv
Azov
Kazanskaya
Arkhangelsk
Simbirskaya

Each province was governed by a governor. He was personally appointed by the king. The entire administrative, judicial and military power was concentrated in the hands of the governor. Since the provinces were quite large in size, they were divided into counties. The counties were later renamed provinces.

The total number of provinces in Russia in 1719 was 50. The provinces were ruled by voivodes, who led the military power. As a result, the governor's power was somewhat curtailed, as the new regional reform took away all military power from them.

City government reform

Changes at the level of local government prompted the king to reorganize the system of government in the cities. This was an important issue, since the urban population increased every year. For example, by the end of Peter's life, there were already 350,000 people living in the cities, who belonged to different classes and estates. This required the creation of bodies that would work with every estate in the city. As a result, the city administration was reformed.

Special attention in this reform was paid to the townspeople. Previously, their affairs were handled by governors. The new reform transferred power over this estate into the hands of the Chamber of Burmese. It was an elected body of power, which was located in Moscow, and in the field this chamber was represented by individual burmisters. It was only in 1720 that the Chief Magistrate was created, who was in charge of control functions in relation to the activities of the burmisters.

It should be noted that the reforms of Peter the Great in the field of city government introduced clear distinctions between ordinary citizens, who were divided into "regular" and "mean". The first belonged to the highest inhabitants of the city, and the second - to the lower classes. These categories were not unambiguous. For example, "regular citizens" were divided into: wealthy merchants (doctors, pharmacists and others), as well as simple artisans and merchants. All "regular" enjoyed great support from the state, which endowed them with various benefits.

The urban reform was quite effective, but it had a clear bias towards wealthy citizens who received the maximum support from the state. Thus, the tsar created a situation in which it became somewhat easier for cities to live, and in response, the most influential and wealthy citizens supported power.

Church reform

The reforms of Peter 1 did not bypass the church. In fact, new transformations finally subordinated the church to the state. This reform actually began in 1700, with the death of Patriarch Adrian. Peter forbade the election of a new patriarch. The reason was quite convincing - Russia entered the Northern War, which means that electoral and church affairs can wait for better times. Stefan Yavorsky was appointed to temporarily perform the duties of the Patriarch of Moscow.

The most significant transformations in the life of the church began after the end of the war with Sweden in 1721. The reform of the church was reduced to the following main steps:

The institution of the patriarchate was completely eliminated, from now on there should not have been such a position in the church
The church was losing its independence. From now on, all its affairs were managed by the Spiritual College, created specifically for these purposes.

The spiritual college lasted less than a year. It was replaced by a new body of state power - the Holy Governing Synod. It consisted of clerics who were personally appointed by the Emperor of Russia. In fact, from that time on, the church was finally subordinated to the state, and the emperor himself, through the Synod, was actually involved in its management. To exercise control functions over the activities of the synod, the position of chief prosecutor was introduced. This was an official whom the emperor also appointed himself.

Peter saw the role of the church in the life of the state in that it had to teach the peasants to respect and honor the tsar (emperor). As a result, laws were even developed that obliged the priests to conduct special conversations with the peasants, convincing them to obey their ruler in everything.

The significance of Peter's reforms

The reforms of Peter 1 actually completely changed the order of life in Russia. Some of the reforms really brought a positive effect, some created negative prerequisites. For example, the reform of local government led to a sharp increase in the number of officials, as a result of which corruption and embezzlement in the country literally rolled over.

In general, the reforms of Peter 1 had the following meaning:

The power of the state was strengthened.
The upper classes of society were actually equated in opportunities and rights. Thus, the boundaries between classes were erased.
Complete subordination of the church to state power.

The results of the reforms cannot be singled out unambiguously, since they had many negative aspects, but you can learn about this from our special material.

Convenient article navigation:

Reforms of public administration of Emperor Peter 1

Historians call the Petrine reforms of the central administration the large-scale transformations of the state apparatus that took place during the reign of Peter the Great. The main innovations of the ruler are the creation of the Governing Senate, as well as complete replacement the system of orders by the Colleges, the formation of the royal Secret Chancellery of the Holy Synod.

During the formation of Peter on the throne, the nobles acted as a key post of state administration, who received their rank by the right of their surname and origin. Peter, who came to power, understood that the established system of government was one of the weak links. What exactly is it that hinders the country in its development.

Traveling around Europe from 1697 to 1698, the king as part of the Great Embassy allowed him to get acquainted with the system of administrative bodies in European states. Based on them, he decides to carry out reforms in Russia.

With the beginning of Peter's power, the Boyar Duma began to lose its power and subsequently turned into an ordinary bureaucratic department. From 1701, all its work was delegated to a new body called the "Concil of Ministers", which was a council of chiefs of the most important government bodies. At the same time, it included many of the same boyars.

Two years before that, the Near Office was created, which controls financial operations each order and making administrative decisions. All royal advisers were required to sign key documents and register these events in a special book of nominal decrees.

Establishment of the Senate

On March 2, 1711, Peter the Great formed the so-called Governing Senate, which is the highest body of administrative, judicial and legislature. The tsar assigned all his duties to this body during his absence, because frequent trips due to the Northern War could not stop the development of the state. At the same time, this administrative body was completely subordinate to the royal will and had a collegiate structure, the members of which were personally selected by Peter. On February 22, 1711, a new additional post of fiscal was created, which was supposed to carry out additional supervision during the absence of the king for officials.

The formation and development of colleges takes place in the period from 1718 to 1726. In them, the king saw an organ capable of replacing the outdated system of slow orders, which, for the most part, only duplicated each other's functions.

Appearing, the colleges completely absorbed orders, and in the period from 1718 to 1720, the presidents of the educated Colleges are even senators and personally sit in the Senate. It should be noted that later only the main Colleges remained in the Senate:

Foreign Affairs;
Admiralty;
Military.

The formation of the above-described system of boards completes the process of bureaucratization and centralization of the state apparatus of Russia. Separation of departmental functions, as well as general rules activities regulated by the General Regulations - the main difference between the updated Petrine apparatus from the previous management system.

General Regulations

By royal decree of May 9, 1718, the presidents of the three colleges were instructed to begin the development of a document called the General Regulations, which would be a system of office work and be based on the Swedish charter. This system later became known as "college". In fact, the regulations approved a collegial way of discussing and resolving cases, as well as organizing office work and regulating relations with self-government bodies and the Senate.

On March 10, 1720, this document was approved and signed by the ruler of Russia, Peter the Great. The charter included an introduction, as well as fifty-six chapters with general principles the work of the apparatus of each state institution and various applications for the interpretation of new foreign words which were in the text of the General Regulations.

Holy Synod

Before the end of the Northern War, Peter the Great begins to plan his church transformations. He orders Bishop Feofan Prokopovich to start developing the Spiritual Regulations, and on February 5, 1721, the Tsar approves and signs the establishment of the Spiritual College, which will later become known as the "Holy Governing Synod."

Each member of this body was required to personally swear allegiance to the king. On May 11, 1722, the post of chief prosecutor appeared, supervising the activities of the Synod and reporting all the news to the ruler.

Having created the Synod, the sovereign introduced the church into the mechanism of the state, in fact likening it to one of the many existing administrative institutions at that time, endowed with certain functions and responsibilities.

Scheme of government under Peter I

Table: reforms of Peter I in the field of public administration

reform date	The content of the reform
1704	The Boyar Duma was abolished
1711	The Senate was established (legislative, control and financial functions)
1700-1720	The abolition of the patriarchate and the creation of the Holy Synod
1708-1710	Reform of local self-government. Creation of provinces
1714-1722	Creation of the prosecutor's office, introduction of the position of fiscals
1718-1721	Replacement of orders by boards
1722.	Change in the system of succession to the throne (now the monarch himself appointed his own successor)
1721.	Proclamation of Russia as an empire

Scheme: local self-government after the management reforms of Peter I

Video lecture: Reforms of Peter I in the field of management

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In what year was the government senate formed by Peter 1?

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Task 2 of 4

S. Kirillov "Thoughts about Russia"

Speaking about the reforming activities of Peter I, we must not forget that all his activities were not only his personal whims or quirks of character - they were due to all the previous development of Russia.

According to the historian S. Solovyov, in the life of every state, as in the life of every person, there is a transition from one age to another. And this transition is not always smooth and problem-free, more often it is the other way around. Solovyov notes that the pre-Petrine time was for Russia a time when feeling prevails. Peter I ascended the throne at a time when Russia was moving into an age dominated by thought.

Another thing is that Peter perceived the need for reforms for the country as a personal matter, which is why they were carried out by force. But what is certain is that they were necessary. Under a lying stone, as you know, water does not flow.

The scheme of administrative reforms of Peter I

IN. Klyuchevsky wrote: “The transformation of management is perhaps the most ostentatious, facade side of Peter's transformative activity; for it especially willingly appreciated all this activity. It should be noted that Klyuchevsky was rather critical of Peter's activities, believing that the management reforms were carried out by Peter hastily, unsystematically, the main goal of their implementation was a more effective withdrawal of money from the people for ever-growing military spending, because. Peter himself called money the artery of war. As one American researcher said, "Peter not only dressed like a soldier, but also acted and thought like a soldier." But if Peter's commands were clear and precise, then their execution did not correspond to this characteristic: often the establishments and orders were nullified by constant changes in state institutions, sometimes the same functions were duplicated by different institutions, many institutions and positions changed only their names: old Russian to European, but in essence they remained the same, because the people in them worked according to the same principle, and the tsar, although he was Peter I, could not personally follow everything.

Abolition of the Boyar Duma

But the style and methods of management gradually changed: instead of the Boyar Duma, decisions began to be made by a team made up of the closest associates of Peter I. At first, Prince Fedor Romodanovsky, whom his contemporaries characterized as "an evil tyrant, drunk all day," was Peter's main adviser.

In 1699, a special department of cities was created. Decrees introduced self-government for the city merchants, as well as for the population of Pomeranian cities. The power of governors was abolished - elected burmisters began to be in charge of court and tax collection. The Moscow City Hall, which was chosen by the merchants of Moscow, was placed at the head of the new bodies. The City Hall was in charge of state revenues from cities and general supervision of the actions of self-government bodies. The chief inspector of the town hall board headed the Town Hall (the former butler of Sheremetev Alexei Kurbatov was the first to hold this position). But soon Peter loses confidence in the Town Hall and comes to the decision to transfer most of the management to the field, because. “It is difficult for a man to understand and rule everything with his eyes.”

Peter the First

1707 - the beginning of a new reform: provinces are created, which are divided into provinces. In total, 8 provinces were formed: Moscow, Ingermanland (later St. Petersburg), Kiev, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kazan, Azov and Siberian. Governor-generals were appointed at the head of the border provinces, and governors at the head of the rest. Governors were at the head of the provinces. Under the governors and governors were zemstvo offices. Since 1710, governors began to be called district commandants.

The governors had as assistants a deputy (vice-governor), a landrichter (judicial clerk), a food master, and other officials.

In 1710, a household census was carried out and a special payment unit was established, providing one "share" of funds to cover military expenses.

But this reform did not live up to expectations: the Northern War dragged on, there was not enough money, and this always creates fertile ground for fraud. In addition, an incomprehensible situation arose with the capital: Petersburg had not yet become one, and Moscow had already ceased to be one, and power was still concentrated in the hands of the Peter's team, which he called either the nearest chancellery or the "council of ministers."

Establishment of the Senate

Finally, by the Decree of March 2, 1711, a new body of state power was created - the Senate. Initially, the Senate consisted of 9 closest employees of Peter. It was the highest state authority.

To control management in 1711, Peter creates a system of fiscals, who are subordinate to the chief fiscal. Their duties are to report to the Senate and the Tsar about the abuses and dishonest actions of officials. Fiscals received half of the property of the guilty, if their denunciation was confirmed.

This is where the legs of modern corruption grow from!

A. Tolyander "Peter I"

But in 1722 the post of prosecutor general was introduced - to lead the fiscals. The Prosecutor General was supposed to oversee the Senate, thereby reducing the role of the Senate.

As a model for the reform of public administration, Peter took the Swedish state structure, which was built on the principles of cameralism (organization of the institution on the basis of collegiality, regulation of the activities of officials, uniformity of states and salaries). But never someone else's experience can be completely transferred to another soil. Peter also made changes, due to the peculiarities of Russia, by the Decree of April 28, 1718: “Now, on the basis of the Swedish charter, it is necessary for all colleges to compose in all matters and procedures point by point, and which points in the Swedish regulations are inconvenient, or are dissimilar to the situation of this state and put them according to your own reasoning. And, putting about them, report whether they are so.

Creation of boards

In 1712, Peter created the Swedish model colleges: Foreign Affairs, Admiralty, Military, Chamber College and Commerce College. Peter defined their competencies, staffed and appointed presidents and vice-presidents of the colleges.

Thus, many of the surviving orders ceased to exist, but some became part of the new institutions: the Justice College included seven orders. In the collegial system, the delimitation of activities became clearer, and an advisory order of doing business was carried out. Peter noted: “In the college, the proposed need is analyzed by many minds, and what one does not comprehend, the other will comprehend, and what this one does not see, he will see.”

In 1722, the Berg and Manufactory Collegium was divided into the Berg Collegium and the Manufactory Collegium, and the Little Russian Collegium was formed to improve the management of Ukraine.

In 1720, with the adoption of the General Regulations, the functions and competences of the collegiums were finally delimited. The collegiate system lasted almost a hundred years - until 1802.

Formation of the Synod

In 1721 The Spiritual College was formed - the Synod, which was removed from the subordination of the Senate. The patriarchate was abolished. The chief prosecutor became the head of the Holy Synod.

Local government reform

Following the Swedish model, Peter also reformed local self-government. The provinces were now divided into provinces, and the provinces into districts, at the head of the districts were zemstvo commissars, who were appointed by the Chamber Collegium.

The townspeople were divided into three guilds: the 1st guild (wealthy merchants, owners of handicraft workshops), the 2nd guild (small merchants, wealthy artisans) and the "mean people". The body of city self-government was called a magistrate. Only members of the guilds had the right to choose a magistrate. The activities of city magistrates were controlled by the Chief Magistrate, created in 1720.

Transformations were also carried out in relation to the non-serf population: it was united with the state peasants. Serfdom was eliminated by merging it with the serfs.

Thus, a powerful noble-bureaucratic apparatus was formed in Russia.

Introduction to the Table of Ranks

Original Table of Ranks

The result of the administrative reform was the adoption in 1722 of the Table of Ranks. This is a set of laws on the order of public service. All nobles were obliged to serve, the service was declared the only way to obtain a state rank. She opened the possibility of promotion, including people from the "mean people." Peter said: “For this reason, we do not allow anyone any rank until they show us and the fatherland any services and do not receive character for them.”

In accordance with the Table, all positions were divided into six parts: military (ground, artillery, guards, naval), civil and courtiers, and into 14 classes, or ranks.

The table of ranks existed with numerous changes until the 1917 revolution.

Peter the First. Mosaic portrait made by M. Lomonosov at the Ust-Ruditskaya factory

Changing the system of succession

In February 1722, Peter I signed a decree on succession to the throne. It abolished the ancient custom of passing the throne to direct descendants in the male line and provided for the appointment of an heir to the throne at the will of the monarch. The decree on succession to the throne appeared in connection with the struggle of Peter I with his son, Tsarevich Alexei, who grouped the opposition around him. After the death of Tsarevich Alexei (1718), Peter did not want to transfer power to his grandson Peter Alekseevich, because. he feared that opponents of the reforms would come to power, hoping to resolve the issue of succession in the spirit of absolutism. The situation of the struggle for the throne and, later, palace coups are connected with this decree of Peter.

The decree on succession to the throne was canceled by Emperor Paul I in 1797.

There is no unambiguous attitude to all Peter's reforms, especially administrative reforms. Historian V.Ya. Ulanov writes: "All these transformations, which followed one after another in a continuous stream ... not only did not lead the population to material and moral prosperity, but were oppression, not much inferior to the war of Peter the Great."

With the strengthening of autocratic power, the Boyar Duma lost its significance. Peter I stopped awarding Duma ranks, and the Duma began to "die out." During the reign of Peter I, Zemsky Sobors were forgotten.

Establishment of the Senate

Colleges and orders

In 1717, Peter I determined the name of the central bodies of state administration and their tasks. The decree issued by the king read: "... Colleges were instituted, that is, an assembly of many persons instead of orders." Boards are bodies of the central executive power. Their number was much less than orders.

At the same time, the apparatus of orders was not completely destroyed. Some of them became offices run by appointed chiefs. Local government institutions were closely connected with colleges.

Under Peter I, there was the Preobrazhensky Prikaz - it was an organ of political investigation. He obeyed only the king. It was headed by F. Yu. Ro-modanovsky. This order dealt with crimes against the king, the church and the state.

Holy Synod

Formation of a complex system public institutions with a whole army of officials-bureaucrats took place in Europe during the period of the formation of the states of the New Age - absolute, that is, not accountable to anyone, monarchies.

France under Louis XIV (1643-1715) and Russia from the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich to Peter I (1645-1721) became a model of absolutism. It is no coincidence that Alexei Mikhailovich was declared the "king-sun" a couple of years earlier than Louis XIV! Both states were characterized by the omnipotence of the ruler, relying on a powerful bureaucratic apparatus, the army and the all-powerful police.

Lesson Objectives:

Tutorials:

describe the state reforms of Peter I,
determine the purpose and results of reforming public administration.

Developing:

develop the ability to draw conclusions,
summarize historical material
work with a map and a historical source.

Educational:

development of a sense of patriotism and tolerance.

Tasks:

to master the concepts: absolutism, Synod, Senate, colleges.

Equipment:

multimedia projector,
screen,
textbook Danilov "History of Russia for students in grade 7",
tests.

During the classes

I Class organization.

Today in the lesson we will continue to study the era of Peter I. We have already got acquainted with his transformations in the army. But even during the Northern War, Peter did not stop working on reforming the state. She will be talked about.

II Work on the topic.

1. Actualization of knowledge.

Remember, what was the system of state administration under Alexei Mikhailovich and in the early years of the reign of Peter I? (scheme of the state system) on the board

What is the disadvantage of this system?

(Could hundreds of orders, between which there was no clear delimitation of powers, become a significant help to Peter in his transformations?)

Peter needed such a control apparatus that could quickly and efficiently carry out his will, especially in the conditions of the Northern War.

2. Setting goals and objectives of the lesson.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the transformations of Peter I in the field of public administration (topic recording) slide 1

During the study of the material, we must answer the question

Was the new system more efficient? slide 2

3. Work with documents and scheme.

A. Emperor.

So, back to the diagram. Name the change already known to you in this scheme (emperor since 1721) slide 3

What events led to this change?

B. Senate.

Gradually, the Boyar Duma lost its significance

Why did the Boyar Duma lose its significance? Why did Peter cease to reckon with her?

Peter decided to get rid of it and introduced a new governing body.

Read an excerpt from the work of the historian S.M. Solovyov and answer the questions.

1) What is the purpose of the Senate?

2) How were things decided in the Senate?

3) What role did the Senate play in the system of public administration?

The Prosecutor General exercised control over the activities of the Senate. The first prosecutor general was P.I. Yaguzhinsky. slide 5

Make changes to our schema. slide 6

B. Boards

The system of orders did not suit Peter either. Let's follow his actions.

Read an excerpt from the complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, answer the questions.

Who is the author of this decree?
What is the date of establishment of colleges in Russia?
What facts are in the document? What conclusions can be drawn from them?
Who was on the boards?
Explain what is included in the concept of "General Regulations"?

Each board has specific responsibilities.

Appendix 3 Slide 8

In 1721, the Estates Board was established - it was in charge of the lands of the nobility.

The order of secret affairs was renamed first into the Preobrazhensky order, and then into the Secret Office, which was engaged in political investigation.

In 1720, the Chief Magistrate was introduced, to whom the local magistrates were subordinate. They controlled the city population.

Make changes to the schema. Slide 9

D. Church reform.

In 1721 Another special board was created. Slide 10

You will learn about it by reading the paragraph of the textbook "Church Reform" p.118.

Answer the questions.

1) What was the name of this board?

2) Who was in it?

3) What is the role of the emperor in this college?

4) Who led the Synod?

5) What did Peter I achieve by carrying out this reform?

Make changes to the schema. slide 11

D. Regional reform.

In the conditions of the Northern War, unfortunately, the system of local government was the first to fail. The counties of that time covered huge spaces equal to several modern regions. Peter I decides to form provinces. Read about it in the textbook p. 117.

Complete the Local Control Chart. slide 12

In essence, Peter carried out the decentralization of management. The new leaders of the provinces, they were the closest associates of the king, concentrated in their hands enormous power over some of the old counties.

E. Table of ranks.

Remember the principle by which officials were appointed to the service in pre-Petrine times.

What is the disadvantage of this system?

The implementation of reforms required many talented people. Peter tried to attract such people to public service. To strengthen their position in society and the state, they were adopted in 1714. Decree on single inheritance and 1722. Table of ranks.

Let's study these documents and find out what opportunities opened up for the service man.

On page 121, read an excerpt from the decree on single inheritance.

What was the purpose of this decree?

What would be the consequences of keeping family estates in the hands of one heir?

What provision did the rest of the children receive?

In whose interests was the decree adopted? Who could be unhappy?

Consider the Table of Ranks.

Appendix 5 Slide 14-15

What is this document about?

Imagine yourself as a service person. You are a soldier, private of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. You are smart, diligent in service, show ingenuity and initiative. The commander has noticed you. What career advancement opportunities are open to you?

Now the old and the new aristocracy were equal in official position. According to the new law, anyone who received the rank of 8th class became a hereditary nobleman. Ranks from 9 to 14 gave personal nobility without the right to be inherited. For their service, officials received land and peasants, as well as a monetary allowance.

The historical significance of the Table of Ranks was the systematization of the administrative service. All strata of society, including the highest, were placed at the service of the state. The report card fixed the separation of military service from civilian.

G. Analysis

In general, these are all the main changes in the system of public administration.

Prove that this system of public administration will work more efficiently than the previous one. slide 16

Determine the form of government.

Autocracy - page 55 of the textbook.

Absolutism is a state system in which the power of the monarch is not limited by any institutions.

What is the significance of Peter the Great's reforms of public administration?

IV Consolidation of the studied.

Read the text and fill in the missing words.

1. Instead of the Boyar Duma, ............. was formed, which became the highest government institution. He had not only legislative, but also administrative powers.

2. Instead of several cumbersome orders, .............. were created, the work of which was more efficient.

3. Instead of the patriarch, he was in charge of the affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church ............... .

4. The country was divided into 8 .................., which, in turn, were divided into provinces.

5. With the adoption in 1722............................., all strata of society, including the highest, were put at the service the state. She secured the separation of military service from civilian.

Mutual verification. Answers on slide 17

1. Governing Senate

2. Boards

3. emperor (king)

4. Table of ranks.

V Reflection

What was difficult?

What is easy?

Overall assessment of the work of the class in the lesson.