First aid for snake and insect bites. What to do with the bites of poisonous snakes and insects? Poisonous snakes and insects

Insect stings (bees and wasps) accompanied by a local reaction of the body, and with increased sensitivity to bee venom, even one or more bites can cause a severe allergic reaction like anaphylactic shock.

Symptoms:strong pain at the site of the bite; first blanching of the skin, then redness and swelling at the site of the bite; with increased sensitivity to bee (wasp) venom, anaphylactic shock may develop (headache, nausea, vomiting, asthmatic phenomena, tachycardia, lowering blood pressure).

First aid

1. Remove the sting of the bee (wasp). Treat the bite site with alcohol.

2. Apply cold to the affected area. Provide plenty of fluids.

3. Give inside suprastin (fenkarol), if necessary, analgin.

NOTE. With numerous stings by bees (wasps), the development of anaphylactic shock, urgently call an ambulance.

Prevention: to protect residential premises, windows should be closed with nets, doors should be tightly covered, if necessary, chemically active agents (insecticides) should be used.

When bitten by venomous snakes snake venom enters the blood nervous system and can cause death from paralysis of the respiratory center. Snakes are the first to attack people, as a rule, when they are disturbed (touched, stepped on). The consequences depend on the type of snake, season, age and, especially, on the place of the bite. The bite to the head and neck is much more severe than to the limbs.

Symptoms: pain, burning sensation, hyperemia, increasing swelling at the site of the bite; dizziness, headache; muscle weakness, drowsiness; nausea, vomiting; increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure; in severe cases - convulsions, loss of consciousness; oppression, and then stop the respiratory and cardiac activity.

First aid

1. Provide the victim with complete rest in a horizontal position.

2. Treat the bite site alcohol tincture iodine and apply a bandage.

3. Immobilize the limb with a splint or improvised means.

4. Put cold on the bite. Provide plenty of fluids for the victim.

6. Urgently call an ambulance.

NOTE. You should not make incisions (cauterization) of the bite site, suck out the poison with your mouth, and apply a tourniquet.

Prevention: it is necessary to observe precautions when being in the forest, having previously explored the place of rest; when picking mushrooms, berries, legs and hands should be protected as much as possible with shoes and clothes.

28. Features of the structure and functions of the digestive system in children.

Oral cavity in newborns and young children is relatively small. Chewing muscles well developed, language relatively large, but short and wide.

Salivary glands in a newborn and a child in the first 3-4 months of life are not sufficiently differentiated. Therefore, little saliva is secreted, which causes dryness of the oral mucosa. At 3-4 months of life, the salivary glands become fully developed, and at this age children experience constant salivation, this is due to the fact that saliva is secreted in sufficient quantities, and the ability to swallow it has not yet been fully developed.

Esophagus in young children it is relatively longer than in an adult, and has a funnel shape. mucous membrane its tender, rich in blood vessels, dry due to the fact that mucous glands are almost absent. Stomach located in the left hypochondrium and only its exit - the pylorus - near the midline. Up to 1 year, the position of the stomach is horizontal, after 1 year, when the child begins to walk, the stomach takes more vertical position. mucous membrane the stomach is relatively thicker than that of an adult. stomach capacity in a full-term newborn is 30-35 ml, at the age of 3 months - 100 ml, 1 year - 250 ml. Secretory glands secrete gastric juice containing all the enzymes, as in an adult, but less active.

Gastric juice in a child it has the same composition as in an adult, i.e. it contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes.

Intestines baby relatively longer than that of an adult. Length the intestinal tract in an infant is 6 times the length of the body (in an adult 4 times). mucous membrane intestine is highly developed, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, rich in cellular elements, tender, with big amount lymph nodes and villi. At the same time, underdeveloped submucosal tissue, muscles, transverse folds and imperfect in structure nerve plexuses. All this taken together causes a slight vulnerability of the gastrointestinal tract.

A distinctive and important feature of the intestines of an infant is the increased permeability of its walls.

Colon is the main organ for the absorption of iron, phosphorus, alkalis, water, sugar, chlorides, acids and some medicines. The duration of intestinal digestion with artificial feeding is about 2 days.

Liver in newborns and infants is a relatively large organ. Its weight in newborns is 4% of the total body weight (in an adult 2%). The liver of a child is very rich in blood vessels, there are few connective tissue elements in it, and its lobules are not sharply expressed. The functional activity of the liver is diverse, but in young children it is insufficient.

We bring to your attention a handy memo containing information on first aid measures in case of bites of various insects, snakes and animals. During the summer, these tips become especially relevant.

Insect bites (bees, wasps, bumblebees, hornets)

Bites of stinging insects are usually very painful and are accompanied by redness and swelling. The danger for the most part lies in the possibility of developing an allergic reaction. In case of a bite, you must:

Check the site of the lesion for the presence of an insect sting. It must be carefully removed from the wound with tweezers.
Treat the affected area with a cotton swab moistened with a solution of hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, a light pink solution of potassium permanganate, or even plain water with salt (a teaspoon per glass).
Apply cold (ice) to the bite site. It will relieve pain and swelling.
The victim needs to drink plenty of fluids, and if he has a predisposition to allergic reactions, an antihistamine should be taken (suprastin, tavegil, claritin, etc.). If these measures do not stop the development of symptoms, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Tick bite

Ticks deserve special attention. Everyone knows that this small-looking insect is a carrier of very serious diseases.

It is not recommended to remove the tick on your own; specialists in a medical institution will better cope with this. If it is not possible to seek help from a professional, then stock up on tweezers and alcohol. You need to grab the tick as close as possible to the skin of the victim, and pull (do not pull!) perpendicular to its surface, slowly and carefully. If the head of the insect still came off, do not rush to panic, but simply remove it like an ordinary splinter by treating the wound with alcohol or green paint. If you are afraid of an infection, then keep the tick in a vial and take it to the laboratory for analysis.

Snake bite

Poisoning with snake venom is always life-threatening. If possible, then the bitten by a snake (after first aid) should definitely go to a medical institution, where he will be injected with a specific anti-venom serum. The bite of a non-venomous snake leaves two stripes of thin small scratches on the body, a poisonous reptile adds a puncture from fangs at the end of each of them. The first minutes after the lesion, the victim does not feel severe pain, but after 10-15 minutes it begins to intensify, acquiring a burning character. It is very difficult to provide effective assistance on your own.

A person bitten by a snake must be laid down, not giving him the opportunity to walk and move, so that the poison does not spread through the bloodstream through the body.
It should be remembered that panic and nervousness also increase blood flow, so try to calm down.
Wash the bitten area with warm soapy water and apply a clean bandage.
Not recommended: tight bandaging above the bite and splinting. This is one of the most common methods of dealing with snake venom, but more and more experts are coming to the conclusion that it harms rather than helps. Foreign researchers have found that the application of a tourniquet significantly enhances local pathological processes in the body up to gangrene of the entire limb. Sometimes it has to be amputated.
Not recommended: Cauterize the bite site, make incisions. This causes excess blood loss, can provoke additional infection, and the wound does not heal for a long time after this.
Not recommended: Suck out the poison. This method is not so much dangerous as it does not justify itself due to its low efficiency. You can use it, but only if you are hurt. Small child or a bite received from a large and highly venomous snake. In any case, you must act confidently and calmly, and there should be no scratches or other damage in the mouth (on the lips, mucous membranes of the oral cavity).
The cold can also help the victim. If a person gets worse, some experts recommend inducing vomiting. A mandatory and urgent call to the doctor is required.

Animal bites (cats, dogs)

Most often, people suffer from dog bites, less often - cats, even less often - wild animals in natural conditions or in a zoo. Such bites are dangerous for infection with rabies, toxoplasmosis and other diseases.

It is necessary to rinse the affected area with running water to remove the remnants of the animal's saliva from the wound.
Treat the skin around the wound (not the wound itself!) With alcohol or tincture of iodine, then apply a clean bandage and take the victim to a doctor.
The question of vaccination against rabies will be decided by the doctor. Of course, it will be very cool if you find the owner of the animal that caused the bite, and he will provide you with information about the health and vaccinations of the offender. If the animal is homeless, then the victim in any case will have to withstand more than one injection.

Remember - many bites can be avoided if you behave correctly. Never tease animals yourself and teach your children not to. It is especially important not to provoke snakes to aggression, which most often leave the path of a person themselves, but attack only if they are disturbed or teased. Wear high shoes while walking in the field, forest or in the mountains. Do not touch animals belonging to other owners without permission, and do not let children do this. Even the most peaceful and good-natured dog can react inadequately to an outsider, because it has its own character and mood. Do not provoke situations that can lead to a bite, so as not to blame others for this later. If the bite nevertheless took place, from whomever it was received, never try to stop the blood - along with it, poison and others are removed from the wound harmful substances capable of causing infection.

In the world there are a lot of insects, animals and reptiles that can poison a person with their bite. Some are activated only in the warm season, but there are those that can harm constantly. If first aid for bites poisonous insects provided in a timely manner, it may save the life of the victim.

Who should be afraid

Insect bites are not always dangerous, you should beware of:

Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, hornets, horseflies.
Arachnids: tarantulas, scorpions.
Scaled reptiles: snakes.
Blood-sucking insects: ticks, bedbugs, flies, midges, fleas.

If a person remains alive when the sting of a bee or wasp penetrates, then the poison of spiders and snakes without the introduction of a monospecific or polyspecific antiserum can be fatal in 20-30 minutes.

With individual intolerance or an increased tendency to allergic reactions, even an ordinary wasp can pose a great threat to humans.

Help with hymenoptera bite

Wasps and bees can be found even on the street. In summer, they like to collect flower nectar and feast on sweet fruits or berries. The sweet aroma of women's perfume can attract their attention.

If the wasp starts to fly nearby, it is important not to make sudden movements, trying to drive away the insect. This will anger her even more and force her to go on the attack. Bees and wasps do not like the aroma of mint and the smell of smoke, and they can drive the enemy away.

First aid for snake and insect bites is significantly different:

The bee leaves its sting inside the body, after which it soon dies itself. Therefore, the first thing to do is to remove it by treating the wound with water disinfectants: chlorhexidine, miramistin. In a wasp, the sting remains in the body of the insect and there is no need to look for it in the wound.
The bite area is washed with plenty of water for about 10-15 minutes.
To relieve swelling, redness and slow down the activity of the poison, cold is applied to the affected area for 10-20 minutes. Then you need to take a break and after 15 minutes the procedure can be repeated.
To prevent an allergic reaction, they drink any antihistamine drug: Suprastin, Fenistil, Erius.
A single bite is usually not dangerous. But if the patient has severe swelling, blue lips, fever, difficulty breathing, fainting, convulsions, then you need to urgently call ambulance. Also providing PMP for bites of poisonous insects is performed urgently and without fail if the bite fell on the neck or mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

Hornets and bumblebees bite less often, but their penetration is more painful and usually accompanied by a severe allergic reaction.

Help with arachnid bite

Often for snake bites and poisonous insects, administration of an antidote. Not all spiders are capable of causing harm, but from the bite of a tarantula or karakurt, death without assistance occurs quickly. Animals usually attack in self-defense or to protect their offspring.

PMP for snake and insect bites, spiders is different.

The algorithm of actions during a spider attack includes:

Wash the affected area with water and soapy water.
Fixing the affected limb with the help of improvised means: branches, boards.
The imposition of a tight bandage above or below the bite zone.
Applying a cold compress. It can be ordinary ice or a cold object wrapped in a thin cotton cloth. This will help slow down the action of the poison.
Adoption antihistamine: Diphenhydramine, Suprastin, Tavegil.
Drinking large amounts of liquid.

When attacking a tarantula, the patient may notice severe pain in the penetration zone, burning, itching, rash, hyperemia. Also worried about hyperthermia, muscle pain, spasms. When the temperature rises, drink Paracetomol.

When bitten by a spider, you should not panic, comb the penetration site, apply a hot compress. These actions, together with active movements, will enhance the spread of the poisonous substance.
Scorpions often crawl into tents, shoes, clothes. Therefore, before you sit down, lie down or take something, you need to carefully examine everything around. If, nevertheless, a scorpion has bitten, you need to act, as in the case relief from insect and snake bites. The affected limb must be immobilized and a tourniquet applied. You can give an antihistamine: Diphenhydramine, suprastin, analgesic and antipyretic: Paracetomol. The victim must be given plenty of water. The main symptoms of being stung by a scorpion are sweating, tearing, fever, muscle pain, spasms and cramps.

Black karakurt can be recognized by red spots on the abdomen. After his bite, the reaction does not appear immediately, but after 20-30 minutes. The patient sharply feels weakness, pain in the muscles, begins to fever, salivation increases, he feels sick and vomits. This is one of the few cases when, in order to stop the action of the poison, the bite site is heated with a hot match. But after this, the patient still needs to be taken to the doctor for the introduction of an antidote.

All about spiders

Help with snake bites

Snakes are venomous and non-venomous. In the first case, the effect of a poisonous substance can be:

Neurotoxic. When nerve conduction suffers. This is how cobras, tropical marine species, bite.
Hematovasotoxic. Small blood vessels are affected, blood circulation is disturbed. This is how gyurzas, vipers, muzzles, efas sting.
Mixed, combining both previous actions. Such dangerous species include rattlesnakes and asps.

At bite of poisonous snakes and insects first aid is to keep the patient immobile. Each movement will increase the spread of the poison throughout the body. By forming a fold of skin, particles of poison are squeezed out of the wound. Then they suck off its remnants and immediately spit it out so as not to get a lethal dose themselves.

Then they act according to the plan:

A tight bandage is applied above the penetration site. It is important that it does not disturb the systemic blood flow, therefore, with an increase in swelling, it must be weakened.
Before the doctor arrives, the victim is given an anti-allergic agent: Diphenhydramine, Tavegil, Suprastin.
The wound is washed with a solution of furacilin.
The patient must be constantly given water to drink to reduce the concentration of poison in the blood.
Aspirin helps relieve fever.
A sterile bandage is applied to the bite site.
With a rapid decrease in pressure, they give Dopamine, Heptamil, Norexadrin.

It is possible to transport a person only in a motionless lying position with a fixed affected area. The sooner he is taken to the hospital, the more chances to save the victim's life. In the hospital, the bite victim is injected with anti-snake serum.

She may be:

Monovalent. That is, to help only from the defeat of a particular species. They are used for the bite of efa, gyurza, viper.
Polyvalent. Used when the species of the snake is unknown.

With a snake bite, any alcohol-containing drink, tea, coffee only increases the rate of spread of the poison. The same applies to active movements. Also, you can not make incisions and cauterization at the site of the bite, it is dangerous for infection. Care must be taken to suck out the poison, since if there are wounds or diseased teeth in the mouth, the rescuer himself risks receiving a dangerous dose of a poisonous substance.

Help with insect bites

First aid for poisonous insect bites often required when a tick enters. In general, the attack of bedbugs, ticks, ants and flies is rarely fatal. Nevertheless, an allergic reaction can occur to their bites, which is no less dangerous than the penetration of a strong poison. That is why it is important to follow the algorithm of actions for proper assistance to the victim:

If a tick has bitten, it should be removed from the wound if possible. If the insect is deep, then seek help from a medical facility.
The penetration zone is treated with Miramistin. In case of damage by a bug, ant, flea, it is enough to wash the area with soapy water.
To eliminate itching when bitten by a bug, soda lotions should be prepared. To do this, 1 teaspoon of the powder is dissolved in a glass of water and a cloth or folded bandage is moistened in the liquid. Then the lotion is applied to the affected area. You need to keep it for about 10 minutes.
If there is a strong swelling or an allergic reaction in the form of a rash, breathing difficulties, then it is necessary to take Suprastin, Loratodin, Fenistil and call a doctor.
Further, ointments and creams can be used to alleviate the condition: Rescuer, Kremgen.

The toxicity of a poisonous substance in poisonous insects can be different. After a wasp or bee sting, a person recovers in a matter of days. When the venom of a snake or spider has penetrated, then in the absence of an antidote within 30 minutes, a person may die. If it can be saved, then the severity of organ damage will depend on the type of insect and the time spent by the poison in the body. Therefore, before traveling to exotic countries, you need to take care of completing the first aid kit so that it contains the necessary medicines for first aid.

Animal bites. They are applied more often by domestic animals (cats, dogs), less often by wild animals. Wounds are usually localized in the upper and lower extremities. They are superficial, but in some cases there is a deep lesion of soft tissues, large blood vessels and nerves. In this case, profuse bleeding, traumatic shock may occur. In the event of an attack by large predators, multiple fractures and separations of limbs are possible. Animal bites are dangerous for rabies and other infections.

First aid. The edges of the bitten wound are treated with a disinfectant solution, an aseptic bandage is applied. If bleeding occurs, it is stopped by all available means. It is urgent to contact a medical institution for further treatment.

Insect bites. Bites of single bees, wasps, gadflies, bumblebees usually cause a limited local pain reaction. With multiple bites, biologically active substances (histamine, hyaluronidase and other enzymes) entering the bloodstream cause a general toxic or allergic reaction. In case of hypersensitivity, even the bite of a single insect causes a similar effect. Nausea, vomiting, general malaise, dizziness, headache, chills, fever are noted. An allergic reaction is manifested by urticaria, Quincke's edema, bronchospasm, pain in the joints, in the region of the heart, epileptic seizures, anaphylactic shock.

In the event of a bite of poisonous insects (tarantula spiders, scorpions), there is a threat to life. A scorpion sting causes prolonged, excruciating pain (more than a day), redness, swelling and necrosis of tissues at the site of the bite. At the same time, sweating, tachycardia, convulsions occur, loss of consciousness and death may occur. Among tarantulas, the bite of a karakurt is the most dangerous.

First aid. When bitten by bees, wasps, etc. it is urgent to remove the sting, apply a cold compress with a 1% solution to the wound ammonia or 20% ethyl alcohol. It helps to apply plantain or dandelion leaves to the bite site. Quickly relieves pain and inflammation Alternate exposure to hot and cold water. In case of general toxic and allergic manifestations, antihistamines (diphenhydramine or suprastin, calcium preparations) should be given to the victim and urgently taken to the hospital.

When bitten by poisonous insects, the victim must be warmed by overlaying with heating pads, given plenty of fluids, a half-alcohol compress or with a 1% solution of ammonia is applied to the bite site. The victim needs urgent hospitalization.

Bites of poisonous snakes cause acute poisoning due to the specific action of snake venom. The most dangerous for humans are poisonous snakes belonging to four families: sea snakes, asps, Asian cottonmouth and vipers. IN Russian Federation of all types of poisonous snakes, vipers are mainly found.

When bitten by a snake, signs of poisoning do not occur immediately. After 5-15 minutes, severe pain appears at the site of the bite, often leading to fainting. Serous fluid begins to ooze from the wound. Approximately 40 minutes after the bite, the general state of health worsens, dizziness, nausea, vomiting appear, blood pressure drops, the pulse quickens, the skin turns pale. After 4-6 hours, the limb of the victim, bitten by a snake, swells, becomes cold and cyanotic. After 12 hours, blisters filled with hemorrhagic fluid appear, tissue necrosis occurs.

First aid is aimed at delaying the spread of poison in the human body:

create complete rest in a horizontal position;

incise a wound in the area of the bite to remove the poison along with the blood;

suck blood with a blood-suction jar, rubber bulb, breast pump, mouth (sucking by mouth is allowed if there are no wounds or carious teeth in the mouth);

Apply a wide non-stretching bandage above the wound (you can not apply a tourniquet that disrupts the flow of arterial blood to the limb, as it will contribute to the development of gangrene);

treat the wound with an alcohol-containing preparation;

Apply cold to the wound

to carry out immobilization of the limb;

give plenty of fluids (tea, coffee), alcohol is contraindicated;

urgently introduce anti-snake serum, deliver to the hospital.

If the above measures are started immediately after the bite, then in the first 5 minutes three-quarters of the poison that has entered the body is removed.