Russian hut. Peasant hut The internal structure of the Russian hut presentation

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The overwhelming majority of buildings in the Russian countryside were made of wood; pine, spruce, birch, and oak were used. The most durable buildings were made of pine and oak, as they lasted up to 200 years. From such a durable material, not only dwellings were built, but also barns in which grain was stored.

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The perimeter of the future house was marked directly on the ground with a rope. For the foundation along the perimeter of the house, they dug a hole 20-25 cm deep, covered it with sand, laid it with stone blocks or tarred logs. Later they began to use a brick foundation. Layers of birch bark were laid on top in a dense layer, they did not let water through and protected the house from dampness. Sometimes a quadrangular log crown, installed around the perimeter of the house, was used as a foundation, and log walls were already laid on it. According to the old pagan customs, which even today the Russian people coexist with the true Christian faith, a piece of wool (for warmth), coins (for wealth and prosperity), incense (for holiness) were laid under each corner of the crown.

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The sloping roof was laid out with chips, straw, aspen planks. Oddly enough, the thatched roof was the most durable, because it was filled with liquid clay, dried in the sun and became strong. A log was laid along the roof, decorated with skillful carvings from the facade, most often it was a horse or a rooster. It was a kind of amulet that protected the house from harm.

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household purpose different parts living quarters depended on the material condition of the owner, on his taste, as well as on the internal layout of the dwelling. But common to all types of houses was the presence of a Russian stove.

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In a Russian hut there was usually one room. The main place in it was occupied by the oven. The larger the oven, the more heat it gave, in addition, food was cooked in the oven, old people and children slept on it. Many rituals and beliefs were associated with the oven. It was believed that a brownie lives behind the stove. It was impossible to take out the rubbish from the hut, and it was burned in the oven. When matchmakers came to the house, the girl climbed onto the stove and watched the conversation between her parents and the guests from there. When she was called, she got down from the stove, which meant that she agreed to get married, and the wedding invariably ended with an empty pot thrown into the stove: how many shards break, so many children will be young.

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They cooked food in cast iron, using tongs, a poker, a teapot. In every house there was always a samovar, where the whole family gathered for tea drinking.

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Here was located dinner table with benches. Wide shelves were nailed along the walls under the ceiling, on them were festive dishes and caskets that served as decorations for the house, or things needed in the household were stored. In the corner between the stove and the door, under the ceiling, a wide shelf was built in - a bed.

The creation of a hut. The creation of a hut. Strict observance of traditions Strict observance of traditions Place: dry, high, bright. Place: dry, high, bright. "Happy" place - habitable and prosperous; "unlucky" - burial places where there was a road or a bathhouse. "Happy" place - habitable and prosperous; "unlucky" - burial places where there was a road or a bathhouse.

Creating a hut Material: pine or larch. Material: pine or larch. Never use old or dead trees, or trees growing at road junctions ("Lust") Never use old or dead trees, or trees growing at road junctions ("Low")

The log house was made in late autumn (sometimes even right in the forest), where it stood idle until spring. The log house was made in late autumn (sometimes even right in the forest), where it stood idle until spring. Only after shrinkage of the log house was it transferred to the place where the hut was built. Only after shrinkage of the log house was it transferred to the place where the hut was built. Often the whole village gathered for this and a holiday was arranged at the expense of the builder, who needed help with the transfer. Often the whole village gathered for this and a holiday was arranged at the expense of the builder, who needed help with the transfer.

Orientation in parts of the world The hut was oriented in parts of the world: north - winter, evil, south - summer, good, east - sunrise, west - sunset. The door, according to custom, was located on the south side. The hut was oriented according to the parts of the world: north - winter, evil, south - summer, good, east - sunrise, west - sunset. The door, according to custom, was located on the south side.

Internal organization huts had doors small size- approximately 120 by 150 centimeters. They entered the house crouching - the threshold was also made quite high. The doors were small in size - about 120 by 150 centimeters. They entered the house crouching - the threshold was also made quite high.

The "red" corner is a specially designated place in the hut for icons. Settled in the far corner of the hut The most illuminated part of the hut The icons were placed in the "red" corner with the expectation that the icon was the first thing that a person entering the room paid attention to. Entering or leaving a room or house, a Christian first of all rendered honors to the King of Heaven, and only then to the owner of the house.

"Red" corner How the living quarters of an Orthodox Christian is considered a symbol Orthodox church, and the red corner is considered as an analogue of the altar. As the living quarters of an Orthodox Christian is considered a symbol of an Orthodox church, so the red corner is considered as an analogue of the altar. The red corner is the most important and honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to the hut could go there only at the special invitation of the owners. The red corner is the most important and honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to the hut could go there only at the special invitation of the owners. It is traditionally believed that the icon should not hang, it must be installed in the place allotted to it. Icons are placed on a special shelf or in a closed icon case. It is traditionally believed that the icon should not hang, it must be installed in the place allotted to it. Icons are placed on a special shelf or in a closed icon case.

Icons Patronal ("nominal") icons of family members Patronal ("nominal") icons of family members Icons of the Savior and the Virgin Icons of the Savior and the Virgin Icons of the most revered saints in this family (more often: Nicholas the Wonderworker, Panteleimon the Healer) Icons of the most revered saints in this family (more often: Nicholas the Wonderworker, Panteleimon the Healer)

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Project passport Project type: collective, cognitive-creative. Project implementation: September 2014 - April 2015 Project participants: children senior group No. 14, teacher Maslova N.L, assistant teacher Fayzulina N.I, parents. Integration educational activities: "Safety"; "Knowledge"; "Communication" "Reading fiction" "Artistic creativity" "Theatrical dramatization" "Musical perception"

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Annotation This project covers the topics: "Decoration of the Russian hut"; "The Way and Way of Life of the Russian People"; "Ancient roots of folk art"; "Decorative and applied art in human life"; "Folk crafts"; " folk traditions and the customs of the Russian people "Practical work allows students to deeply learn topics and expand their vocabulary: "The inner world of the Russian hut", "Design and decor of folk household items", "Folk costume", "Folk folklore in theatrical dramatization"

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The goal of the project is to promote the formation of a personal culture in children, to introduce them to a rich cultural heritage of the Russian people, to lay a solid foundation in the development of national culture by children on the basis of acquaintance with the life and way of life of the Russian people, its character, inherent in it moral values, traditions, features of the material and spiritual environment.

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Project Objectives *Arouse interest in children, respect for the history, culture, language of the Russian people; *Introduce children to different forms oral folklore *Introduce children to the peculiarities of folk life; *To instill in children pride in their country, its history; * Expand the horizons of children, vocabulary when getting acquainted with the Russian hut and household items, the traditions of the Russian people; * Develop coherent speech of children when describing household items, compiling stories, riddles about holidays, traditions, conducting excursions; * Develop the expressive side of speech when telling nursery rhymes, calls, songs; *Introduce children to different types of folk art; * To develop the artistic and creative abilities of children. * Implement an integrated approach to the moral and patriotic education of preschoolers;

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