Dead souls, official activity of Chichikov. Service in the state chamber as a stage in Chichikov's career. Service in the Treasury Chamber Chichikov Service career Chichikov in the poem Dead Souls

Today we are considering a criminal case against Pavel Chichikov from Gogol's poem Dead Souls. All quotes are taken from the literary source.

For the sake of this goal, he went to abuse of trust (Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) of his immediate superior.

“And in the office they didn’t have time to look back, how things turned out so that Chichikov moved into his house, became a necessary and necessary person, bought both flour and sugar, treated his daughter like a bride, called the clerk papa and kissed him on the hand; everyone put in the ward that at the end of February, before Lent, there would be a wedding. The stern assistant even began to fuss with the authorities for him, and after a while Chichikov himself sat down as an assistant to one vacant position that had opened up..

Then Chichikov broke the preliminary agreements and secretly took away things from the benefactor's house. In the new place, the defendant was engaged in discrediting the state anti-corruption campaign. He also abused his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and extorted bribes (Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

At the end of his service as an assistant, Chichikov switched to corruption schemes that allowed him to steal on a large scale.

2. Got a job at customs for personal illicit enrichment

“It must be said that this service has long been a secret subject of his thoughts. He saw what smart foreign gizmos the customs officials got excited about, what porcelain and cambric they sent to gossips, aunts and sisters. More than once, for a long time, he had already said with a sigh: “That would be where to get over: (…) what thin Dutch shirts you can get!” It must be added that at the same time he was also thinking about a special kind of French soap, which imparted an unusual whiteness to the skin and freshness to the cheeks ... " The purpose of these career aspirations of Chichikov was to cause the greatest damage to the state from the abuse of his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

3. Perpetrated a famous scam called "Dead Souls"

The investigation insists on bringing to justice not only Chichikov, but also the accomplices of the fraud, who knew about the criminal intent and received material benefits from it. We are talking about Sobakevich, Korobochka, Plyushkin. The investigation accuses Nozdryov of bribery by Chichikov, which resulted in his attempts to confuse the investigation. Evidence of Manilov's guilt was not found.

Prosecutor: "Chichikov's goal is to cause the greatest damage to the state"

Lawyer Daniil Markhiev

Today, the consideration of the criminal case, in which Pavel Chichikov is accused of a crime in accordance with Article 159 of the Criminal Code, is being completed. Russian Federation, namely, that he is a professional recidivist fraudster. In different cities, at various places of service of Chichikov, various fraudulent schemes used by him were uncovered. The investigation managed to collect information about how Chichikov honed his fraudulent schemes from his school years. As a prosecutor, I see my main task in substantiating the charge and proving that the crime was committed by the defendant. What is Chichikov accused of:

1. With the help of deceitful actions, Chichikov received the position of assistant. For the sake of this goal, he went to abuse the trust of his immediate superior, having received the position of assistant, Chichikov broke the preliminary agreements and secretly took away things from the benefactor's house.

In the new place, the defendant was engaged in discrediting the state anti-corruption campaign, and also abused his official position and extorted bribes.

At the end of his service as an assistant, Chichikov switched to corruption schemes that allowed him to steal on a large scale. In addition to damaging the state budget, Chichikov, by profaning construction orders, caused damage to the urban environment, society and workers who lost their jobs.

2. After that, Chichikov got a job at the customs, where he again used all available resources to get the highest possible place. There is evidence that Chichikov deliberately sought employment in customs for the purpose of personal illegal enrichment.

The purpose of these career aspirations of Chichikov was to cause the greatest damage to the state from the abuse of his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). In this position, Chichikov was engaged in fraud using corruption schemes on an especially large scale, and also took part in the illegal activities of organized crime and forced his colleagues to enter into a criminal conspiracy (Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

After disclosing the activities of the criminal community, Chichikov escaped legal responsibility thanks to a bribe to the investigation (Article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

3. A scam called "Dead Souls" requires special consideration. The investigation insists on bringing to justice the accomplices of Chichikov's fraud, who knew about the criminal plan and received material benefits from it. We are talking about Sobakevich, Korobochka, Plyushkin. The investigation accuses Nozdryov of bribery by Chichikov, which resulted in his attempts to confuse the investigation. Evidence of Manilov's guilt was not found.

To implement his fraudulent "Dead Souls" scam, Chichikov was forced to accept a bribe. The probable help of Nozdrev to Chichikov in avoiding punishment deserves special consideration.

Nozdryov deliberately gave false testimony to the investigation. Thus, he introduced into difficulty and confused the preliminary investigation, presented the existing accusations against Chichikov in an absurd light, mixing them with all the existing rumors, which ruined the case and gave Chichikov time to escape from the court.

I ask the distinguished court to find Pavel Chichikov guilty of committing a crime and to impose a general punishment in the form of a real imprisonment for 9 years 6 months.

Defense: “The Chichikov case is not justice, but deliberate persecution”

Lawyer Vladislav Kocherin

Dear court, dear participants of the process!

I am glad that I have the opportunity to defend Pavel Chichikov, since the latter's accusation of committing crimes, provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, is a blatant example of how they are trying to bring to justice an innocent person who is engaged in his professional business. I responsibly declare that Pavel Chichikov is not a criminal, but only an enterprising person.

So, for example, Pavel Chichikov is accused of “abusing the trust (Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) of his immediate superior in order to obtain the position of assistant. At the same time, Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation actually provides for liability for causing property damage to the owner or other owner of property by deception or abuse of trust in the absence of signs of theft. However, Pavel Chichikov did not inflict any property damage on his immediate superior, or anyone else.

After reading the text of the indictment regarding the acquisition by P. Chichikov " dead souls”, I was sincerely amazed - what is my client accused of? In fact, he is accused only of making transactions at a loss to himself, buying non-existent peasants and paying real money for it, paying taxes for them, doing all this from his own pocket. However, Art. 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for theft of other people's property through deceit and abuse of trust, however, P. Chichikov's goal was only to acquire dead souls through civil law transactions for compensation, which he directly stated to potential sellers of souls when they were made. That is, when acquiring souls, P. Chichikov did not deceive anyone, except himself, since he suffered direct losses from this, paying for the souls a clearly inflated purchase price, as well as taxes and taxes. In addition, it should be noted that the "dead souls" were formally considered alive, which made it possible to conduct any civil law transactions with them, which corresponded to the legislation in force at that time. P. Chichikov did not receive any property benefits from such transactions, therefore, his accusation under Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not have any legal grounds and is subject to rejection.

Thus, the actions of P. Chichikov constituted the performance of ordinary activities, as a result of which no material damage was caused to anyone except himself. It can be said that he simply collected "dead souls", which is not prohibited by law.

Thus, from all of the above, only one obvious conclusion can be drawn: my client, Pavel Chichikov, is innocent on all counts of the charges against him.

The accusation is based solely on assumptions and conjectures, there is no evidence of the circumstances set forth by the prosecution, P. Chichikov is being charged not only with crimes that he did not commit, but also with those for which sentences have already been passed and the perpetrators have been identified.

All this may not indicate the administration of justice, but only a deliberate persecution of Pavel Chichikov, who is a respectable citizen and has brought considerable benefits to society and the state, no matter what this enterprising person does.

The position of accusing my client of committing economic crimes does not hold water and is based only on personal hostility towards my client and the desire to see him behind bars, where he can no longer be useful to society and can become a member of the criminal environment, while he has significant services to society both during the period of service in state bodies, and in the deliverance of Russian landlords from the material and bureaucratic burden in the form of "dead souls".

I ask you to acquit my client on all counts of the charges.

Verdict in the case of Pavel Chichikov

The verdict is read by Associate Professor of the Department of Administrative Law of the Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (MSUA) Maxim Mikhailovich Polyakov.

Having considered the criminal case on the charge of Pavel Chichikov, having heard the side of the prosecution and the defense, as well as the evidence presented in the case under consideration, the court makes the following decision:

1. Convicted of abuse of power

Chichikov undoubtedly abused the trust of citizens who turned to him for the execution of the necessary documents. The position of the defense in this regard cannot be considered justified, since the facts available in the case testify to the illegal schemes developed by P. Chichikov with the involvement of office employees, which allowed him to steal on a large scale. Citizen Chichikov acted solely out of selfish motives and contrary to the interests of the public service. The court interrogated the office staff, who confirmed the facts of his purchase of Dutch shirts and rare French soap, as well as other expensive items. Moreover, the house built by citizen Chichikov is ten times more expensive than his income for several years.

2. Acquit the defendant under the article “Infliction of property damage by deceit or breach of trust”

It can be considered quite reasonable the arguments of the defense that no property damage was caused to the immediate superior of P. Chichikov, thanks to whom he received the position of assistant. The actions that he committed while in the boss's house (courteous attitude, purchases of products for household needs, showing signs of attention to his daughter) are not illegal and do not constitute a crime under the incriminated article.

3. Found guilty of fraud in the purchase of "dead souls"

The court considers proven at least three episodes of fraudulent activities of citizen Chichikov, for the purchase of so-called "dead souls" from citizens Sobakevich, Korobochka and Plyushkin. The court took into account, first of all, the fact that dead souls were bought under the guise of living ones, which is confirmed by the documents provided by the investigation on the facts of the sale.

Evidence of the guilt of citizen Chichikov is the petitions seized from him for a large land plot and the subsidies from the state in the amount of 200 rubles in gold. The court found that the main criterion for obtaining such preferences is that a person has at least 500 souls.

The court, during the consideration of the criminal case, took into account the personality of Pavel Chichikov, which can be described as extremely negative. During the court session, citizen Chichikov interfered in every possible way with the course of the process, changed his testimony, and made every effort to delay the adoption of a decision by the court.

Based on the foregoing, the court ruled:

Recognize Pavel Chichikov guilty of committing crimes under Art. 159 and Art. 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Based on Art. 69 part 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, by partial addition of punishments, to appoint Pavel Chichikov a punishment in the form 4 years of imprisonment, with serving a sentence in a correctional colony of general regime.

All materials of the case can be viewed.

27.02.2019

Composition

Subject: Biography, study, service and career of Chichikov (Dead Souls)

Biography Chichikov By origin, Chichikov is a nobleman: "... The origin of our hero is dark and modest. Parents were nobles, but pillar or personal - God knows ..." His father is a sick and poor man. We don’t know anything about the mother: “... father, a sick man [...] who sighed incessantly as he walked around the room and spit in the sandbox standing in the corner ...” Father and little Pavlusha live in a simple peasant hut: "... A small stove with small windows that do not open either in winter or in summer ..."

Chichikov's study Chichikov goes with his father to the city to study at the city school. He settles with some old relative: "...He was supposed to stay here and go to the classes of the city school every day..." Father leaves back to the village, and Chichikov never sees him again: "... father son and dragged himself home again on his forty, and since then he has never seen him again ... "At the school, Chichikov is a diligent and diligent student. He has no special talents. But on the other hand, he is a practical and patient child: "... He did not have special abilities for any science; he distinguished himself more by diligence and neatness ..." While still at the school, Chichikov begins to earn money: "... he blinded from wax bullfinch, dyed it and sold it very profitably..." "...finally got the mouse to stand on its hind legs, lie down and get up on orders, and then sold it also very profitably..." Chichikov is in good standing at the school. He behaves appropriately and diligently. He graduated from college as an exemplary student: "During his stay at the school, he was in excellent standing and upon graduation he received a full honor in all sciences, a certificate and a book with golden letters for exemplary diligence and trustworthy behavior." At this time, Chichikov's father dies. He sells the house and land. For them, he receives 1000 rubles - his initial capital: "... At that time his father died [...] Chichikov immediately sold a dilapidated courtyard with an insignificant piece of land for a thousand rubles ..."

Service and career of Chichikov: Chichikov is a real careerist, purposeful and stubborn. Chichikov does not create a family and does not have children. First, Chichikov wants to provide "offspring" with a decent future. See also: "Chichikov's service" Chichikov's career always goes easily and simply. He works hard and tries hard. There are ups and downs in Chichikov's service. During his life, he manages to work in different places - and even in different cities. In general, Chichikov begins his service with a simple position in the state chamber: "... with great difficulty he decided to go to the state chamber ..." Then Chichikov gets a place in a more profitable place. Here he earns capital on bribes. But a new boss comes and reveals the theft. So Chichikov loses everything that he has acquired dishonestly: "... everything was fluffed up, and Chichikov is more than others ..." After that, Chichikov serves in another city in some miserable positions. Finally, he gets a job at customs: "... he finally moved to the customs service ..." At customs, Chichikov receives a promotion, as well as the rank of collegiate adviser: "... He received a rank and a promotion ..." Having become the head , Chichikov colludes with a criminal gang of smugglers. Chichikov earns hundreds of thousands of rubles from this "unclean" business. But the matter is revealed. Chichikov loses his place and the money he has earned: "... The officials were taken to court, confiscated, they described everything that they had ..." So Chichikov is again left with nothing. He is left with about 10 thousand rubles, a chaise and two serfs - Selifan and Petrushka. Chichikov starts his career again from scratch. He works as an attorney (self-taught lawyer) for the most different cases. Here it comes to his mind to buy himself dead serfs in order to get rich.

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Very often in literature, the authors give only a fragmentary biography of their characters, focusing the reader's attention only on a certain moment in the life of the hero. N.V. Gogol did not follow this trend in his story Dead Souls. He describes in detail the life of his main character in the story, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, allowing the reader to trace all the stages of the formation of this character.

Chichikov's childhood

Chichikov as a child lived in a simple hut, where the windows did not open at all, even in summer. Chichikov had no friends in childhood, which greatly aggravated an already unhappy existence. His father was ill all the time, which also significantly affected the financial condition of the family. The Chichikov family owned only one family of serfs. This did not allow them to provide a comfortable existence. In general, Chichikov himself has too few memories of his childhood.

However, the situation of Pavel Ivanovich was not hopeless - his parents had sufficient finances to send their son to study. Therefore, despite his childhood, bordering on the life of ordinary peasants, Chichikov had the opportunity to escape from poverty.

School education

As Pavel Ivanovich grew older, the main issue was to obtain a proper education and skills that allow him to take a good place in life.
Soon the decision was made, and Pavel Ivanovich became a student of one school. He lived with his distant relative. This made it possible to provide decent living conditions and at the same time save a significant part of the money.

Chichikov was not a particularly gifted student - his knowledge and talent did not allow him to stand out favorably from the crowd of students like him. In this case, Chichikov was saved by his diligence and diligence.

Over time, he learned to please the teachers, which played an important role in his education and created the illusion of a good and exemplary student. Chichikov never saw his father again. They always had a tense relationship - the father did not know how to be affectionate with his son, he always behaved towards his son strictly and harshly, leaving his home only strengthened these feelings of remoteness. Chichikov's father died at a time when Pavel Ivanovich was still a student. There was no special inheritance left from his father, so Chichikov decides to sell everything that was. After the sale, he was able to get a thousand rubles, which, of course, was a small amount, but allowed the economical Chichikov to start in life.

Pavel Ivanovich learned to take care of money back in youth. During training, he tried in every possible way to find an opportunity to earn money, he usually did not spend the accumulated money, which allowed Chichikov to make a small personal capital. First, Pavel Ivanovich sculpted birds from wax and painted them, then he trained a mouse and was also able to successfully sell it.

Dear readers! We offer to follow in the poem by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol "Dead Souls"

At the school, Chichikov also failed to find a friend, the reason for this was, most likely, his stinginess and greed. Pavel Ivanovich was not loved in the team.

Service Chichikov

After graduating from college, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov begins the civil service. His first workplace and the position was the most common and simple - with a lot of effort, he got a job as an employee in the Treasury.

However, he did not stop looking for a better place. Soon such a position was found and Chichikov began to serve, where he had the opportunity to make significant savings in a dishonest way. However, nothing lasts forever - the new bosses managed to expose Chichikov.

After this incident, Chichikov has no choice but to start all over again. He works in small, insignificant positions in different cities, until he gets the opportunity to become a customs worker, which Chichikov takes advantage of.

His service begins to take shape quite successfully and Chichikov even gets promoted to collegiate adviser. However, this did not last long.

His unpleasant story at his last job did not teach him anything - Chichikov again gets involved in a scam, this time he interacts with smugglers. This business turns out to be very profitable, and Pavel Ivanovich soon has significant savings, which is true not for long - his scam was cashed out and Chichikov again loses everything.

Left with nothing, he has no choice but to start all over again - Chichikov begins his career for the third time. This time he starts working as an attorney. At the same time, Chichikov has a plan for his next scam, which allows him to get rich from scratch - he plans to buy up "dead souls" in order to get rich by reselling them. Hoping to carry out his plan, Chichikov takes his only two servants, a chaise and all his savings - 10 thousand, and goes to the county to buy.

In the poem "Dead Souls" Gogol refers to Chichikov's career only at the end of the work. At the beginning, Chichikov appears to readers as some mysterious person, whose origin is unknown. Considering that Chichikov - main character poem, there is a danger that readers will treat him as a good hero, despite the clearly fraudulent nature of his activities. Gogol himself felt this danger, and in the 11th chapter he begins to reduce the image of Chichikov: “It is very doubtful that the hero we have chosen will please the readers. The ladies will not like him, this can be said in the affirmative, because the ladies demand that the hero be decisive perfection, and if there is some spiritual or bodily speck, then trouble!... But a virtuous person is still not taken as a hero... No, it's time to finally harness the scoundrel too. So, let's harness the scoundrel!" Further, the author writes about the origin of the hero and about his career: “Having left the school, he did not even want to rest: he had such a strong desire to quickly get down to business and service. However, despite the commendable certificates, he decided with great difficulty in the state ward." However, in this ward, Chichikov could vegetate until the end of his life, because. "He got an insignificant place, a salary of thirty or forty rubles a year." Some decisive step had to be taken.

“Finally, he got wind of his (his boss - author's note) home, family life, found out that he had a mature daughter, with a face that also looked like it was threshing peas at night. he came up with the idea of inducing an attack. He found out which church she came to on Sundays, every time he stood opposite her, cleanly dressed, heavily starched on his shirt-front, - and the matter was a success: the stern priest staggered (in the old days - executive, who was in charge of office work in court - approx. author) and invited him for tea! And in the office they didn’t have time to look back, how things turned out so that Chichikov moved into his house, became a necessary and necessary person, bought both flour and sugar, treated his daughter like a bride, called the clerk papa and kissed him on the hand; everyone put in the ward that there would be a wedding at the end of February before Lent. The stern assistant even began to fuss with the authorities for him, and after a while Chichikov himself sat down as an assistant to one vacant position that had opened up. This, it seemed, was the main purpose of his ties with the old associate, because he immediately sent his chest secretly home and the next day found himself in another apartment. Povytchik ceased to be called papa and no longer kissed his hand, and the matter of the wedding was so hushed up, as if nothing had happened at all. However, every time he met him, he affectionately shook his hand and invited him to tea, so that the old clerk, in spite of his eternal immobility and callous indifference, shook his head every time and said under his breath: !"

It was the most difficult threshold he had crossed. Since then, things have gotten easier and more successful. He became a prominent person."

I once happened to be a witness to a similar turn in the fate of one person. Let's call him Peter Olegovich. He was a graduate student at the time. The term of graduate school was drawing to a close. This graduate student came from a small town. After graduating from graduate school, he faced a dilemma: to return to his homeland, which he apparently really did not want, or to do something to stay in Moscow. And to stay in Moscow in those days (80s) was very, very difficult. The only legal way is to marry a Muscovite. This path was chosen by our graduate student. Events unfolded rapidly (there was little time left before the defense). At some conference, he met a girl. She was small and completely inconspicuous. "But what can you do - love!" - said the staff of the department. A wedding was scheduled two weeks before the defense. After the young went on a honeymoon trip. "What is Petya thinking about?!" - his leader was indignant. Those who are familiar with the dissertation defense process know that the last month before the defense is the most stressful. But Petya drove away with his young wife, and seemed to have forgotten everything. But, thank God, everything worked out. Petya returned, the defense was successful. But what do we hear a month later? Peter is getting divorced! In his own way, he acted nobly. He did not apply for housing. All he needed was a Moscow residence permit. Subsequently, he exchanged his apartment in a provincial town for a Moscow one and moved with his mother to Moscow. He was a very gentle, loving, caring son. Only when his mother died did he get married, this time for real. What was he thinking when he got married for the first time? Indeed, for his first wife it was a tragedy: to find his love, and then lose it, to understand that she was deceived, she was used to achieve her goals. How did her life turn out? Perhaps Petya thought: “Yes, I will do a bad deed, marry a girl I don’t love, for the sake of my goals. But then, throughout my life, I will behave honestly and atone for my meanness.” Isn't it all very familiar. Raskolnikov adhered to the same philosophy, but he failed as a result. It's a novel, some would say. In life, everything can be different. In life, scoundrels live to a ripe old age and die in their bed, surrounded by loved ones. Is it so? This story is not over yet, and we will probably have to find out how it will end.

Let us continue, however, the theme of Chichikov’s career: “Everything turned out to be in him that is necessary for this world: both pleasantness in turns and actions, and briskness in business affairs. them in a great way."

"Bread towns" exist in our time. Allow me one more memory. One employee worked in our laboratory. Once she announced that she was leaving, found a job in the authorities (in the city hall or in the council - I don’t remember now). Somehow she opened up and, not at all embarrassed, said that this was a bread place, where you could take bribes. And she said it completely without embarrassment, honestly and openly. Apparently, she thought that this was a matter of course, and others did not take bribes just because they were not given.

Further, Gogol writes: "You need to know that at the same time the strictest persecution of all bribes began; he was not afraid of persecution and turned them at the same time in his favor, thus showing directly Russian ingenuity, which is only during the squeeze." It turns out that there have already been campaigns to prosecute bribes in Russia. What did they end up with? Maybe we overcame this disease a long time ago and have been living in an honest country for a long time? I'm afraid that the reader will say: stop being ironic. Of course that's enough. Everyone knows that a similar campaign is being carried out in our country now, hundreds of officials are imprisoned. How many officials do we have in Russia? Maybe it is necessary to plant not hundreds, but half should be transplanted?

Reading "Dead Souls" gave rise to such memories (even re-reading, because we all studied this poem by Gogol at school). It will soon be 170 years since the creation of this masterpiece, but the problems, heroes, people who were, have remained so. Maybe they are immortal?

Gogol worked on the poem "Dead Souls" approximately seven years old. In the center of the plot of the poem is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. Externally the same the person is pleasant, but in reality he is a terrible, prudent money-grubber. His hypocrisy, cruelty, which he shows in achieving his selfish goals, is striking. He treated his teacher horribly meanly. His entire career is a chain of deceptions, bribes, bribery, ruined human destinies. In the bureaucratic world of lies and robbery, bribery and money-grubbing, he is his own, he is born of this world.

Chichikov set himself a certain task in life and does everything for its implementation. He dreams of a life with all the pleasures: carriages, a house perfectly arranged, delicious dinners, balls.

“Having left the school, he did not even want to rest: he had such a strong desire to quickly get down to business and service, he got an insignificant place, a salary of thirty or forty rubles. But he decided to win and overcome everything. Chichikov, as soon as he can, sucks up to his superiors. Having entered into his confidence, he receives a promotion in rank. After that, he did not need friends with him. He could now make his own way. Chichikov joined the commission for the creation of some kind of government facility. And although nothing was built in six years, the members of the commission turned out to have “ beautiful house civil architecture.

Petty speculations have been replaced by machinations on a large scale. Chichikov is engaged in such “cases”, “to which the world gives the name not only to the pure.” Almost all of his affairs end in failure. But here is what is paradoxical: Chichikov does not feel remorse and does not lose heart. Hiding the traces of the crime and avoiding punishment, he takes on a new unclean deed with a vengeance. “Hooked, dragged, broke, do not ask” - this is his motto. The new official position is a customs official. “He took up his service with extraordinary zeal. It seemed that fate itself had determined him to be a customs official. Such promptness, perspicacity, perspicacity have not only been seen, but even heard. Having gained confidence in his superiors, he was known as an incorruptible and honest worker, and received a promotion. And Chichikov "presented a project to catch all the smugglers, asking for funds to test him himself, to which he received full consent." Now he has complete freedom of action. Having entered into an alliance with his own kind, Chichikov takes huge bribes from smugglers. Getting on this case approximately half a million, he again hides, but is not upset; hiding the traces of the crime, he takes on a new business - buying up dead souls.

The transformation of Pavlusha into a respectable, revered by all Pavel Ivanovich in the then RF impossible in any other way, so that Chichikov's career is typical and deeply logical. Chichikov himself is the personification of the exploitative system.

Tasks:

Educational:
- to form in students an idea of the hero of Gogol's work.
Educational:
- develop the skills of a holistic analysis of a work of art;
- to develop the ability to competently build a monologue statement, to master the culture of dialogical speech;
- develop the ability to think independently, analyze the circumstances in which the characters act;
- to develop the ability to compare textually studied works, their problems and heroes.
Educational:
- to cultivate interest in moral and universal values;
- to bring students to the need for self-improvement through awareness of the contradictions of their own character.

Lesson methodology: the word of the teacher, work with reference and literary literature, analytical conversation, textual analysis of individual scenes, commented reading, expressive reading of students, work on individual assignments, work on theses, work with draft manuscripts.

DURING THE CLASSES

1 stage of the lesson

teacher's word (against the background of music).

Again, as in the golden years,
Three worn out harnesses fray,
And painted knitting needles
In loose ruts….

Russia, impoverished Russia,
I have your gray huts,
Your songs are windy for me -
Like the first tears of love!

I can't pity you
And I carefully carry my cross ...
What kind of sorcerer do you want
Give me the rogue beauty!

Let him lure and deceive, -
You won't disappear, you won't die
And only care will cloud
Your beautiful features...

- No, it was not these feelings that overwhelmed the soul of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov when he drove into the city of N in his spring carriage. What is our hero concerned about, why does he come to an ordinary Russian town and who is he, Pavel Ivanovich: a scoundrel, a dear person, an acquirer? Is he eternal? Does Chichikovshchina threaten us today and with what? We will try to understand these problems today.
- So, on the road for the author and his hero.

2 stage lesson

Frames of the film "Dead Souls" M. Schweitzer.

Teacher. And here is our hero. Watch a fragment of the film and compare with Gogol's narrative. Which episodes of the first chapter did the director omit, and which did he deepen, and why?

Teacher. The first impression of a character is always very important, so let's turn to the first chapter and try to answer the question: who is he, Chichikov? And what methods of depicting the image does the author use.

- Find a description of the portrait of Chichikov, what does the author emphasize in the image of the hero? (The phrase is frankly ironic. The description of the appearance is given as if so that the reader does not get any impression of the visitor. The construction of the sentence goes back to folk patterns: in Russian folk tales we constantly encounter expressions like “neither far, nor close, nor high , nor low.
A grotesque detail: the visitor blew his nose loudly: "it is not known how he did it, but only his nose sounded like a pipe." The visiting gentleman carries himself with emphatic dignity, there is something exaggerated, far-fetched in his behavior).

- Gogol - detail master. This is especially evident in the description of Pavel Ivanovich's luggage. Things help to understand the essence of the hero. What did Chichikov's things tell us? (Spring britzka, “white leather suitcase, somewhat worn”, “mahogany chest, with piece layouts of Karelian birch, shoe lasts and fried chicken wrapped in blue paper”; cap, rainbow scarf - all items hint at something in position habits and character Chichikov. He, apparently, is not very rich, but well-to-do, travels a lot, loves to eat, looks after his appearance. One can even conclude that he used to be richer than now: a suitcase made of white leather and skillfully made chest - expensive things.)

- We will learn even more about Chichikov if we read a little poster story. Find this episode, underline the key words that help to understand the character of Pavel Ivanovich. (It is clear that Chichikov is a businesslike, meticulous man, he is studying the city as a field of a future battle. It was not for nothing that he asked the tavern servant, the watchman, carefully looked around everything, “as if in order to remember the position of the place well.” And one more thing is curious: having read the poster, Chichikov “tidily folded it up and put it in his little chest, where he used to put everything he came across.” A clear allusion to Chichikov’s persistent, second nature acquisitiveness, which would then be more fully revealed with each page.)

- Essential for the characterization of his hero speech. How does speech reveal Chichikov's character? (The author from different angles and on different occasions shows the extraordinary dexterity, decency, diplomatic evasiveness of Chichikov’s speech. In conversations with the rulers of the city, “he was very skillfully able to flatter everyone. the roads are velvet everywhere, and that those governments that appoint wise dignitaries are worthy of greater praise". At the same time, Chichikov did not express flattering words directly to the governor: it would be clumsy work, unworthy of such a fine connoisseur of the rules of conduct. Chichikov does not say, for example, that the governor deserves praise. But those governments "which appoint wise dignitaries..." Chichikov omitted compliments to the vice-governor and the chairman of the chamber in a rude way ("he even erroneously said twice your excellency"), but, apparently, he already knew to whom approach).

- Tell. What do other heroes think and say about Pavel Ivanovich? (They recognized him as their own person. If the city fathers felt honesty and virtue in Chichikov, they would recoil from him like the plague. No, they see him as a man of his circle, only gifted with talents for prosperity. And when Chichikov, with " noticeable modesty", using "several book phrases", says that he "suffered for the truth", even the word "truth" does not frighten his listeners. They understand that this is just a red word, but it is very cleverly and to the point said.)

Conclusion.

– So, what kind of person did Chichikov appear before us? How is a cunning traveler similar to those with whom he does business? (Chichikov can be no less delicate than Manilov, is able to save more stubbornly than a box, can splurge no worse than Nozdryov, and in the ability to “lie down” he will far surpass this talker; he is tight-fisted and businesslike, like Sobakevich, in frugality do not yield to Plyushkin that times when he was still a wise master, and, of course, in the art of taking bribes he outdid Ivan Antonovich - "jug snout".)

- But there is a trait in Chichikov's character that gives all his properties a new meaning and makes him the first person in the gallery of meanness. Which? (Amazing flexibility, tenacity, adaptability to any circumstances. Miracles of mimicry demonstrates his entire life path.)

- From meetings with landowners, we learn about the reason for his arrival: the purchase of dead souls, listed as alive according to the revision tale. For what? What's wrong here? (Chichikov seeks to cash in on the most terrible thing - on human death. Buying dead souls, this inhuman mercantilism is a frightening act of the Russian bourgeoisie, they exterminate humanity)

- Where does it come from in people? When we ask this question, we turn to the past of people, Chichikov's whole life is presented in the last 11 chapter.

3 stage lesson

Teacher. You were given the task to draw up a detailed plan of Chichikov's biography and prepare a creative retelling of the text in order to understand what kind of person he is, what makes him trade dead souls today.

story according to plan

A) A difficult picture of early childhood.

B) Chichikov in the city school:

relationships with friends;
an increment to the half given by the father;
Chichikov's speculation;
mouse training;
attitude towards the teacher;
“... he dreamed ahead of life in all contentment, with all sorts of prosperity; carriages, a house well arranged, delicious dinners.”

C) Service in the Treasury:

an unsuccessful attempt to win over a supporter;
in what way Chichikov got himself a position as an assistant;
order to take bribes brought by him

D) Chichikov - a member of the construction commission:

failed construction of a government building;
beautiful houses that appeared with the members of the commission, including Chichikov;
the disaster he experienced.

E) Chichikov's service in customs:

the purpose of entering the customs service;
Chichikov - a thunderstorm of smugglers;
the path he took to promotion;
Chichikov colludes with the smuggling community;
new disaster.

- What is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov like here? Scoundrel? He also had patience, extraordinary willpower, prudence. But at the same time fraud, adventurism, crimes. But he himself explains that he did not kill anyone, did not ruin, most of all he cares about the future home, family, kids. What repels us in this hero. (Yes, everything is fine in a bright future. But which way does our hero go. Does the end justify the means? An eternal philosophical question that many generations have yet to solve).

“A scoundrel, well, why a scoundrel, the acquisition is the fault of everything ... Now we don’t have scoundrels, there are well-meaning, pleasant people, and those who would put their physiognomy under a public slap in the face to public disgrace, only two, three man, and even they are now talking about virtue.

- After all, the main task of the author is to make you and I look inside ourselves and ask: “Is there Chichikov in me?” And it is imperative to be reborn, as Gogol believed in the rebirth of his hero, (it is no coincidence that Chichikov dreams of a troika bird, and with it faith, hope and the great word - love).

4th stage of the lesson

Reading by heart a passage about Rus'.

Teacher. What lexical and syntactic means created the sublime, solemn intonation of the lyrical digression "Rus".

Stage 5 lesson

The teacher reads against the background of music:

AND the impossible is possible,
The road is long and easy
When it shines in the distance of the road
Instant glance from under the scarf,
When ringing melancholy guarded
The dull song of the coachman.

Corruption in our state is eternal and, it seems, ineradicable. So, in N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" there is an excellent description of Chichikov's career in customs (by the way, the first edition of the first volume of "Dead Souls" turns 180 this year). Read, maybe you will recognize our modern officials:

... but our hero endured everything, endured strongly, patiently endured, and - finally moved to the customs service.
It must be said that this service has long been a secret subject of his thoughts. He saw what smart foreign gizmos the customs officials got excited about, what porcelain and cambric they sent to gossips, aunts and sisters. More than once, for a long time, he had already said with a sigh: “That would be where to get over: the border is close, and enlightened people, and what thin Dutch shirts you can get!” It must be added that at the same time he was also thinking about a special kind of French soap, which imparted an unusual whiteness to the skin and freshness to the cheeks; what it was called, God knows, but, according to his assumptions, it was certainly on the border.
So, he would have wanted to go to customs for a long time, but the current various benefits from the construction commission were holding back, and he reasoned rightly that the customs, anyway, was still nothing more than a pie in the sky, and the commission was already a titmouse in his hands. Now he decided to get to the customs at all costs, and got there.
He took up his service with unusual zeal. It seemed that fate itself had determined him to be a customs official. Such promptness, perspicacity and perspicacity were not only not seen, but not even heard of. In three or four weeks, he had already got his hand in customs that he knew absolutely everything: he didn’t even weigh, didn’t measure, but by the texture he found out how many arshins of cloth or other matter were in a piece; taking the bundle in his hand, he could suddenly tell how many pounds it contained.
As for the searches, here, as even the comrades themselves expressed it, he simply had a canine instinct: it was impossible not to be amazed, seeing how he had so much patience to feel every button, and all this was carried out with deadly composure, polite to incredible. And at the time when those being searched were furious, lost their temper and felt a malicious impulse to beat up his pleasant appearance with clicks, he, without changing either in face or in polite actions, would say only: “Wouldn’t you like to worry a little and get up?” Or: “Would you like, madam, to go to another room? there the wife of one of our officials will explain to you.” Or: “Let me, here I’ll cut the lining of your overcoat a little with a knife” - and, saying this, he pulled out shawls, scarves, coolly, as if from his own chest.
Even the authorities explained that it was a devil, and not a man: he looked for in wheels, drawbars, horse ears and in God knows what places, wherever it occurred to any author to climb and where only one customs officials were allowed to climb. So the poor traveler, who had crossed the frontier, still could not come to his senses for several minutes, and, wiping the sweat that had come out in a small rash all over his body, only made the sign of the cross and kept saying: “Well, well!” His position was very similar to that of a schoolboy running out of secret room, where the chief called him in order to give some instruction, but instead whipped him in a completely unexpected way.
For a short time there was no life from him for smugglers. This was a thunderstorm and despair of all Polish Jews. His honesty and incorruptibility were irresistible, almost unnatural. He did not even make himself a small capital out of various confiscated goods and selected some gizmos that did not enter the treasury in order to avoid unnecessary correspondence.
Such zealous and disinterested service could not but become the subject of general astonishment and finally reach the attention of the authorities. He received a rank and a promotion, and after that he presented a project to catch all the smugglers, asking only for the means to carry it out himself. The same hour he was given a command and an unlimited right to conduct all sorts of searches. This was just what he wanted.
At that time, a strong society of smugglers was formed in a deliberately correct way; the audacious enterprise promised profits in the millions. He had long had information about him and even refused to bribe those sent, saying dryly: "It's not time yet."
Having received everything at his disposal, at that very moment he let the society know, saying: "Now is the time." The calculation was too correct. Here in one year he could receive what he would not have won in twenty years of the most zealous service. Before, he did not want to enter into any relations with them, because he was nothing more than a mere pawn, therefore, he would have received little; but now ... now it's quite another matter: he could offer any conditions.
To make things go smoothly, he persuaded another official, his comrade, who could not resist the temptation, despite the fact that his hair was gray. The terms were agreed and the society began to act. The action began brilliantly: the reader, no doubt, has heard the so often repeated story about the witty journey of Spanish rams, who, having crossed the border in double sheepskin coats, carried a million Brabant laces under their sheepskin coats. This incident happened exactly when Chichikov served at the customs. If he himself had not participated in this enterprise, no Jews in the world would have been able to carry out such a deed.
After three or four sheep's marches across the border, both officials ended up with four hundred thousand capital each. Chichikov's, they say, even exceeded five hundred, because he was a bit happier. God knows to what a huge figure the blessed sums would not have increased, if some difficult beast had not run across everything ...

The biography of the protagonist Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov was moved by the author to the end of the poem. The reader will learn about all the adventures of the landowner in the city of NN, but still does not know how such thoughts could appear in the man’s head, where did the strange idea of buying “dead souls” come from.

Hero origin

Pavlusha Chichikov was born into the family of an impoverished nobleman. It is not known what origin the parents were: columnar nobles or personal. According to Gogol, "dark and modest" was the origin of an enterprising person. It is surprising that the classic says nothing about Pavel's mother. This has a deep meaning. It is difficult to imagine the nature of a mother who could create such a soulless and secretive creature. One can speculate why a woman could leave life so early, why she did not leave holiness and respect for the afterlife in her soul.

The father is a poor and sick man. The family does not have a noble habitual mansion. The hero lives in an old peasant house. Everything is small in it: windows, rooms (burner). The wretchedness of the interior is easy to imagine: the windows did not open either in summer or in winter. How and when did the family become poor? The closest is the image of Manilov. Idleness may have led to the loss of the estate.

Ivan Chichikov was constantly sighing, walking around the room and spitting into the sandbox that stood in the corner. There are no other descriptions of the house where Pavlush spent his childhood. The relationship between father and son was tense. The sick old man did not know how to be affectionate. He behaves strictly and harshly, perhaps the reason for this was illness, or maybe resentment at fate and lack of funds.

Years of study

As befits the nobles, at a certain age, the father sent his son to the city school. So, my father still had some finances. Pavel gets the opportunity to break out of poverty by getting an education. The father left his son with a relative and went to the village, they never saw each other again. Life with relatives, although distant, allowed the boy to learn economy and frugality.

Paul studies hard. He does not have the talent and genius of an excellent student, but there is diligence, patience and practicality. Boy's Special Skills:

Sitting quietly on the bench.
Shows no wit.
Skillfully maintains silence.
Doesn't move his eyes, doesn't move his eyebrows, even when pinched.
Gives three to the teacher.
Bows to the teacher, several times getting in the way.

Chichikov starts earning. First, he sculpts a bullfinch from wax, then sells it. Pavel trains a mouse and also sells it.

The ability to curry favor with teachers helps to successfully graduate from college.

The character of the young man could be discerned already here. When the strict teacher was kicked out, the students raised some money for him. Pavel gave a nickel of silver, which the comrades refused. The teacher, having learned about this, said the phrase:

"Puffed up, puffed up a lot ...".

It is on deception, the search for profit, that the life of the hero of the poem will be built. Pavel Chichikov receives an excellent certificate, in which it is indicated in golden letters that the student is trustworthy in behavior and exemplary in diligence. It is interesting that the young man has no friends either in his father's house or in the school. Chichikov sells the house he inherited. The proceeds of a thousand rubles became the initial capital.

Chichikov's career

Pavel's goal is to earn enough money for a decent future for his family. It goes through ups and downs:

Treasury Chamber. The position was obtained with difficulty, but these were the first steps of bureaucratic service. The chief here was an old clerk, to whom no one could find an approach. The young man moved to his house, he was able to please his daughter. The father believed and knocked out an advantageous place for the "future son-in-law". As soon as "the deal was successful", Chichikov moved out from the man whom he already called "daddy", and he did it covertly and quickly. The deceived man uttered the same phrase as the teacher:

"He blew it, he blew it, you damn son!"

"Bread Place" This is where bribery comes in. A change in boss leads to a downfall in a career.

Small positions in another city. Chichikov tries to show himself disinterested and hardworking. This attitude to the service was noticed by the authorities.

Place in customs. Chichikov receives the rank of collegiate adviser for diligence. After gaining power, he contacts a criminal group involved in smuggling. The unclean business brought an excellent income, but the result is deplorable. Chichikov loses his position and place in customs, and the money is confiscated.

After losing hundreds of thousands of rubles, Pavel Ivanovich starts his career again. He had 10 thousand rubles left, the servant Petrushka, the coachman Selifan and the britzka. New service - legal assistance for various issues. During this period, the idea of buying "dead souls" visits him.

"Dark and modest origin..."

The hero of the poem "Dead Souls". He made the desire to please the basis of relationships with people. "Save a penny" - the rule of life. Pavel goes to his goal, but fate tests the young man. Shortsightedness and the desire to get rich quick lead to losses. Dishonest deeds and adventures are born in the head after every fall. The classic shows how a businessman appeared with a terrible and vile soul, capable of buying people who left the world of the living. The enterprising Chichikovs are replacing the landowners represented by the writer in the poem.

In the poem "Dead Souls" Gogol refers to Chichikov's career only at the end of the work. At the beginning, Chichikov appears to readers as some mysterious person, whose origin is unknown. Given that Chichikov is the protagonist of the poem, there is a danger that readers will treat him as a positive hero, despite the clearly fraudulent nature of his activities. Gogol himself felt this danger, and in the 11th chapter he begins to reduce the image of Chichikov: “It is very doubtful that the hero we have chosen will please the readers. The ladies will not like him, this can be said in the affirmative, because the ladies demand that the hero be decisive perfection, and if there is some spiritual or bodily speck, then trouble!... But a virtuous person is still not taken as a hero... No, it's time to finally harness the scoundrel too. So, let's harness the scoundrel!" Further, the author writes about the origin of the hero and about his career: “Having left the school, he did not even want to rest: he had such a strong desire to quickly get down to business and service. However, despite the commendable certificates, he decided with great difficulty in the state ward." However, in this ward, Chichikov could vegetate until the end of his life, because. "He got an insignificant place, a salary of thirty or forty rubles a year." Some decisive step had to be taken.

“Finally, he got wind of his (his boss - author's note) home, family life, found out that he had a mature daughter, with a face that also looked like it was threshing peas at night. he came up with the idea of setting an attack. He found out which church she came to on Sundays, every time he stood opposite her, cleanly dressed, heavily starched on his shirt-front, - and the case was a success: the stern priest staggered (in the old days - the official who was in charge of clerical work in court - author's note) and called him for tea! And in the office they did not have time to look back, how things turned out so that Chichikov moved into his house, became a necessary and necessary person, bought both flour and sugar, treated his daughter like a bride, He called the clerk papa and kissed his hand, everyone put it in the ward that there would be a wedding at the end of February before Lent. This, it seemed, was the main purpose of his ties with the old associate, because he immediately sent his chest secretly home and the next day found himself in another apartment. Povytchik ceased to be called papa and no longer kissed his hand, and the matter of the wedding was so hushed up, as if nothing had happened at all. However, every time he met him, he affectionately shook his hand and invited him to tea, so that the old clerk, in spite of his eternal immobility and callous indifference, shook his head every time and said under his breath: !"

It was the most difficult threshold he had crossed. Since then, things have gotten easier and more successful. He became a prominent person."