Church in a large birch bark. Urban settlement Bolshaya Berestovitsa, Grodno region. In what weather is the sun most dangerous
The sun is the source of life on the planet. Its rays give the necessary light and warmth. At the same time, ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is detrimental to all living things. To find a compromise between the beneficial and harmful properties of the Sun, meteorologists calculate the ultraviolet radiation index, which characterizes the degree of its danger.
What UV radiation from the sun is
Ultraviolet radiation The Sun has a wide range and is subdivided into three regions, two of which reach the Earth.
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UV-A. Longwave radiation range
315–400 nmThe rays pass almost freely through all atmospheric "barriers" and reach the Earth.
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UVB. Medium wave radiation range
280–315 nmThe rays are 90% absorbed by the ozone layer, carbon dioxide and water vapor.
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UVC. Shortwave radiation range
100–280 nmThe most dangerous area. They are completely absorbed by stratospheric ozone without reaching the Earth.
The more ozone, clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere, the less the harmful effect of the sun. However, these saving factors have a high natural variability. The annual maximum of stratospheric ozone occurs in spring, and the minimum - in autumn. Cloud cover is one of the most variable weather characteristics. The content of carbon dioxide also changes all the time.
At what values of the UV index is there a danger
The UV index gives an estimate of the amount of UV radiation from the Sun on the Earth's surface. UV index values range from safe 0 to extreme 11+.
- 0–2 Low
- 3–5 Moderate
- 6–7 High
- 8–10 Very high
- 11+ Extreme
In mid-latitudes, the UV index approaches unsafe values (6–7) only at the maximum height of the Sun above the horizon (occurs in late June - early July). At the equator, during the year, the UV index reaches 9...11+ points.
What is the benefit of the sun
In small doses, UV radiation from the Sun is essential. The sun's rays synthesize melanin, serotonin, vitamin D, necessary for our health, and prevent rickets.
Melanin creates a kind of protective barrier for skin cells from the harmful effects of the sun. Because of it, our skin darkens and becomes more elastic.
Happiness hormone serotonin affects our well-being: it improves mood and increases overall vitality.
Vitamin D strengthens the immune system, stabilizes blood pressure and performs anti-rickets functions.
Why is the sun dangerous?
When sunbathing, it is important to understand that the line between beneficial and harmful Sun is very thin. Excessive sunburn always borders on a burn. UV radiation damages DNA in skin cells.
The body's defense system cannot cope with such an aggressive impact. This lowers the immune system, damages the retina, causes skin aging and can lead to cancer.
Ultraviolet destroys the DNA chain
How does the sun affect people?
Susceptibility to UV radiation depends on skin type. The most sensitive to the Sun are people of the European race - for them, protection is required already at an index of 3, and 6 is considered dangerous.
At the same time, for Indonesians and African Americans, this threshold is 6 and 8, respectively.
Who is affected the most by the Sun?
people with light
skin tone
People with many moles
Residents of the middle latitudes while relaxing in the south
winter lovers
fishing
Skiers and climbers
People with a family history of skin cancer
In what weather is the sun most dangerous
The fact that the Sun is dangerous only in hot and clear weather is a common misconception. You can also get burned in cool cloudy weather.
Cloudiness, no matter how dense it may be, does not at all reduce the amount of ultraviolet to zero. In mid-latitudes, cloud cover significantly reduces the risk of sunburn, which cannot be said about traditional beach holiday destinations. For example, in the tropics, if in sunny weather you can get burned in 30 minutes, then in cloudy weather - in a couple of hours.
How to protect yourself from the sun
To protect against harmful rays, observe simple rules:
Get less exposure to the Sun during the midday hours
Wear light-colored clothing, including wide-brimmed hats
Use protective creams
Wear sunglasses
Stay in the shade more on the beach
Which sunscreen to choose
Sunscreen varies in terms of sun protection and is labeled from 2 to 50+. The numbers indicate the proportion of solar radiation that overcomes the protection of the cream and reaches the skin.
For example, when applying a cream labeled 15, only 1/15 (or 7%) of the UV rays will penetrate the protective film. In the case of cream 50, only 1/50, or 2%, affects the skin.
Sunscreen creates a reflective layer on the body. However, it is important to understand that no cream is capable of reflecting 100% of ultraviolet light.
For everyday use, when the time spent under the Sun does not exceed half an hour, a cream with protection 15 is quite suitable. For tanning on the beach, it is better to take 30 and above. However, for fair-skinned people, it is recommended to use a cream labeled 50+.
How to apply sunscreen
The cream should be applied evenly to all exposed skin, including the face, ears and neck. If you plan to sunbathe for a long time, then the cream should be applied twice: 30 minutes before going out and, additionally, before going to the beach.
Please refer to the cream instructions for how much to apply.
How to apply sunscreen while swimming
Sunscreen should be applied every time after bathing. Water washes away the protective film and, reflecting Sun rays, increases the dose of received ultraviolet radiation. Thus, when bathing, the risk of burning increases. However, due to the cooling effect, you may not feel the burn.
Excessive sweating and rubbing with a towel is also a reason to re-protect the skin.
It should be remembered that on the beach, even under an umbrella, the shade does not provide full protection. Sand, water, and even grass reflect up to 20% of UV rays, increasing their impact on the skin.
How to protect your eyes
sunlight, reflected from water, snow or sand, can cause a painful burn of the retina. Use sunglasses with an ultraviolet filter to protect your eyes.
Danger for skiers and climbers
In the mountains, the atmospheric "filter" is thinner. For every 100 meters of altitude, the UV index increases by 5%.
Snow reflects up to 85% of UV rays. In addition, up to 80% of the ultraviolet reflected by the snow cover is again reflected by the clouds.
Thus, in the mountains, the Sun is most dangerous. Protecting the face, lower part of the chin and ears is necessary even in cloudy weather.
How to deal with sunburn if you are burned
Treat the body with a damp sponge to wet the burn
Lubricate the burnt areas with anti-burn cream
If the temperature rises, consult a doctor, you may be advised to take an antipyretic
If the burn is severe (skin is very swollen and blisters), seek medical attention.
Bolshaya Berestovitsa(belor. Vialikaya Berastavitsa, Polish Brzostowica Wielka listen)) is an urban settlement in the Grodno region of Belarus, the center of the Berestovitsky district. Population - 5545 people (as of January 1, 2016).
Geography
The urban settlement of Bolshaya Berestovitsa is located on the Berestovichanka River, 55 km southeast of Grodno, 10 km north of the railway station "Berestovitsa" of the Baranovichi branch of the Belarusian Railway in the village of Pogranichny (dead-end line Volkovysk - Berestovitsa). The road P99 Baranovichi - Grodno passes through the village, other roads lead to Svisloch, Shilovichi and the Old Palace. 8 km to the west is the border with Poland.
Story
The Catholic parish in Berestovitsa was established in 1495 . In 1506, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Alexander Jagiellonchik, for services to his homeland, transferred Berestovitsa, along with a number of other estates, to Alexander Khodkevich, whose descendants owned the estate for many more years. In 1549, Grigory Khodkevich began the construction of a noble estate here.
On the map of Tomasz Makovsky (1613), the settlement is marked as a town. In the 16th century, there was a wooden church in Berestovitsa, which burned down during the Livonian War. In 1615, at the expense of Hieronymus Khodkevich, a Carmelite monastery was built here and with it a wooden church, which in 1741 was rebuilt in stone and is now known as the Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary.
During the XVII-XVIII centuries, the area was in the possession of the Mnisheks, Pototskys, Kossakovskys. In the 18th century, a hospital and a church school existed at the church. At the beginning of the 18th century, it was transferred from Rudava to the Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary. miraculous icon Mother of God, whose fate is currently unknown. In 1754, King and Grand Duke August III granted Berestovitsa the Maggdeburg rights and a coat of arms with a squirrel in the center. Soon a town hall was built on the market square.
On September 19, 1794, in Berestovitsa, more than 250 rebels were killed in a battle between the detachments of the tsarist army and the rebels of Tadeusz Kosciuszko. Their pursuit continued to the village of Golynka. In that battle, the squadron commander, major, Prince Pyotr Bagration, the future hero of the war with Napoleon in 1812, especially distinguished himself. As a result of the third partition of the Commonwealth (1795), Berestovitsa became part of the Russian Empire, in the Grodno district. The inhabitants of the town took an active part in the uprising of Kastus Kalinowski. There is an assumption that the first issues of the Muzhitskaya Pravda newspaper were printed in the basement of the local church. After the uprising of 1863 was suppressed, many Catholic churches on the territory of modern Belarus were transferred to the Orthodox, and Catholic monasteries were closed. The Carmelite Monastery in Bolshaya Berestovitsa was also closed, and the Church of the Visitation was transferred to the Orthodox in 1866. In addition, in 1868 another one was built in the town. Orthodox Church, St. Nicholas. Catholics repeatedly tried to obtain permission to build their temple, but received it only at the beginning of the 20th century. The Neo-Gothic Catholic Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord was built in 1908-1912 at the expense and initiative of the owner of the estate, Count Kossakowski. In the 19th century, the Kossakovskys built a stone estate on the estate, which was completely destroyed during the Second World War.
During the First World War, the village was occupied by German troops, later by Poles and Bolsheviks. According to the Riga Peace Treaty (1921), Velyka Berestovitsa became part of the interwar Polish Republic, belonged to the Grodno district of the Bialystok Voivodeship.
On September 18, 1939, anti-Polish pogroms took place in the village. Since 1939, Bolshaya Berestovitsa has been part of the BSSR. During the Second World War, from June 1941 to July 17, 1944, the village was under German occupation. Since September 20, 1944 - the regional center Grodno region.
In 1947, Bolshaya Berestovitsa received the status of an urban-type settlement. In 1969 there were 2.9 thousand inhabitants, in 1992 - about 7 thousand inhabitants, in 2009 - 5720 inhabitants.
The Church of the Transfiguration was closed in 1965, the building was converted into a warehouse. In 1989 it was returned to the Catholic Church, in 1990 it was restored. The Temple of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary is in a dilapidated state.
Celebrities
A well-known representative of the Chodkiewicz family, a military leader who became famous for his victories in the war of the Commonwealth with Sweden and Turkey, the Grand Hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, who in 1621 bequeathed to bury his heart in a sarcophagus in the tomb of the local church, often visited the Berestovitchyna.
In 1863, the rector of the church, Ignatius Kozlovsky, and the land surveyor, poet-democrat Felix Razhansky, the indigenous inhabitants of Berestovitsa, took an active part in the publication of the newspaper Muzhytskaya Pravda. After the uprising of Kastus Kalinouski was defeated, both were sentenced to death in absentia.
The beginning of the revolutionary activity of Sergei Pritytsky is also associated with Berestovitchyna.
Attractions
- Catholic Temple of the Visitation. It was built in 1615 at the expense of Hieronymus Khodkiewicz (according to other sources, in 1741). Currently in a dilapidated state.
- Catholic Church of the Transfiguration. Built in 1912 in neo-gothic style.
- Orthodox Nicholas Church, 1868
- "Casting Yard" - wooden house, located on Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, 10, was built in the first half of the 19th century. Used as a residential building.
- Bronze sculptural composition "Tree of Life" over four meters high (2006). Installed for the 500th anniversary of the village.
Tourism infrastructure
The main center of tourist services has been moved to the working settlement of Pogranichny, where the Konstantin hotel complex has been built. The complex is located two kilometers from the border with the Republic of Poland at the international checkpoint Berestovitsa - Bobrovniki. There is a hotel in the village.
The geographical position of Bolshaya Berestovitsa is such that many international tourist routes: the presence in the area of the international checkpoint Berestovitsa - Bobrovniki affects.
see also
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Notes
Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Links
An excerpt characterizing Bolshaya Berestovitsa
“Sur ce je prie Dieu, mon ami, de vous avoir sous sa sainte et puissante garde. Votre amie Helene.[“Then I pray to God that you, my friend, be under his holy strong cover. Your friend Elena"]
This letter was brought to Pierre's house while he was on the Borodino field.
The second time, already at the end of the Battle of Borodino, having escaped from the Raevsky battery, Pierre with crowds of soldiers headed along the ravine to Knyazkov, reached the dressing station and, seeing blood and hearing screams and groans, hastily moved on, getting mixed up in the crowds of soldiers.
One thing that Pierre now wanted with all the strength of his soul was to get out of those terrible impressions in which he lived that day as soon as possible, return to the usual conditions of life and fall asleep peacefully in the room on his bed. Only under ordinary conditions of life did he feel that he would be able to understand himself and all that he had seen and experienced. But these ordinary conditions of life were nowhere to be found.
Although the balls and bullets did not whistle here along the road along which he walked, but from all sides it was the same as it was there, on the battlefield. There were the same suffering, tormented and sometimes strangely indifferent faces, the same blood, the same soldier's greatcoats, the same sounds of shooting, although distant, but still terrifying; in addition, there was stuffiness and dust.
After walking about three versts along the high Mozhaisk road, Pierre sat down on its edge.
Twilight descended on the earth, and the rumble of the guns subsided. Pierre, leaning on his arm, lay down and lay for such a long time, looking at the shadows moving past him in the darkness. Incessantly it seemed to him that with a terrible whistle a cannonball flew at him; he winced and got up. He did not remember how long he had been here. In the middle of the night, three soldiers, dragging branches, placed themselves beside him and began to make fire.
The soldiers, looking sideways at Pierre, kindled a fire, put a bowler hat on it, crumbled crackers into it and put lard. The pleasant smell of edible and greasy food merged with the smell of smoke. Pierre got up and sighed. The soldiers (there were three of them) ate, not paying attention to Pierre, and talked among themselves.
- Yes, which one will you be? one of the soldiers suddenly turned to Pierre, obviously meaning by this question what Pierre thought, namely: if you want to eat, we will give, just tell me, are you an honest person?
- I? me? .. - said Pierre, feeling the need to belittle his social position as much as possible in order to be closer and more understandable to the soldiers. - I'm a real militia officer, only my squad is not here; I came to the battle and lost mine.
- You see! one of the soldiers said.
The other soldier shook his head.
- Well, eat, if you want, kavardachka! - said the first and gave Pierre, licking it, a wooden spoon.
Pierre sat down by the fire and began to eat the kavardachok, the food that was in the pot and which seemed to him the most delicious of all the foods he had ever eaten. While he greedily, bending over the cauldron, taking away large spoons, chewed one after another and his face was visible in the light of the fire, the soldiers silently looked at him.
- Where do you need it? You say! one of them asked again.
- I'm in Mozhaisk.
- You, became, sir?
- Yes.
- What's your name?
- Pyotr Kirillovich.
- Well, Pyotr Kirillovich, let's go, we'll take you. In complete darkness, the soldiers, together with Pierre, went to Mozhaisk.
The roosters were already crowing when they reached Mozhaisk and began to climb the steep city mountain. Pierre walked along with the soldiers, completely forgetting that his inn was below the mountain and that he had already passed it. He would not have remembered this (he was in such a state of bewilderment) if his bereator had not run into him on the half of the mountain, who went to look for him around the city and returned back to his inn. The landlord recognized Pierre by his hat, which shone white in the darkness.
“Your Excellency,” he said, “we are desperate. What are you walking? Where are you, please!
“Oh yes,” said Pierre.
The soldiers paused.
Well, did you find yours? one of them said.
- Well, goodbye! Pyotr Kirillovich, it seems? Farewell, Pyotr Kirillovich! other voices said.
“Goodbye,” said Pierre and went with his bereator to the inn.
"We must give them!" thought Pierre, reaching for his pocket. “No, don’t,” a voice told him.
There was no room in the upper rooms of the inn: everyone was busy. Pierre went into the yard and, covering himself with his head, lay down in his carriage.
As soon as Pierre laid his head on the pillow, he felt that he was falling asleep; but suddenly, with the clarity of almost reality, a boom, boom, boom of shots was heard, groans, screams, the slap of shells were heard, there was a smell of blood and gunpowder, and a feeling of horror, fear of death seized him. He opened his eyes in fear and lifted his head from under his overcoat. Everything was quiet outside. Only at the gate, talking to the janitor and slapping through the mud, was some kind of orderly. Above Pierre's head, under the dark underside of the plank canopy, doves fluttered from the movement he made while rising. A peaceful, joyful for Pierre at that moment, strong smell of an inn, the smell of hay, manure and tar was poured throughout the courtyard. Between the two black awnings one could see a clear starry sky.
“Thank God that this is no more,” thought Pierre, again closing his head. “Oh, how terrible fear is, and how shamefully I gave myself up to it! And they…they were firm, calm all the time, to the very end…” he thought. In Pierre's understanding, they were soldiers - those who were on the battery, and those who fed him, and those who prayed to the icon. They - these strange, hitherto unknown to him, they were clearly and sharply separated in his thoughts from all other people.
“To be a soldier, just a soldier! thought Pierre, falling asleep. – Enter this common life with your whole being, imbue with what makes them so. But how to throw off all this superfluous, devilish, all the burden of this outer man? One time I could be it. I could run away from my father as I wished. Even after the duel with Dolokhov, I could have been sent as a soldier.” And in Pierre's imagination flashed a dinner at the club where he summoned Dolokhov, and a benefactor in Torzhok. And now Pierre is presented with a solemn dining box. This lodge takes place in the English Club. And someone familiar, close, dear, is sitting at the end of the table. Yes it is! This is a benefactor. “Yes, he died? thought Pierre. - Yes, he died; but I didn't know he was alive. And how sorry I am that he died, and how glad I am that he is alive again! On one side of the table sat Anatole, Dolokhov, Nesvitsky, Denisov and others like him (the category of these people was just as clearly defined in Pierre’s soul in a dream, as was the category of those people whom he called them), and these people, Anatole, Dolokhov loudly shouted, sang; but behind their cry was heard the voice of the benefactor, speaking incessantly, and the sound of his words was as significant and continuous as the roar of the battlefield, but it was pleasant and comforting. Pierre did not understand what the benefactor was saying, but he knew (the category of thoughts was just as clear in the dream) that the benefactor spoke of goodness, of the possibility of being what they were. And they from all sides, with their simple, kind, firm faces, surrounded the benefactor. But although they were kind, they did not look at Pierre, did not know him. Pierre wanted to draw their attention to himself and say. He got up, but at the same instant his legs became cold and bare.
He felt ashamed, and he covered his legs with his hand, from which the overcoat really fell off. For a moment, Pierre, adjusting his overcoat, opened his eyes and saw the same sheds, pillars, courtyard, but all this was now bluish, light and covered with sparkles of dew or frost.
“Dawn,” thought Pierre. “But that's not it. I need to listen to and understand the words of the benefactor.” He again covered himself with his overcoat, but there was no longer any dining box or benefactor. There were only thoughts clearly expressed in words, thoughts that someone said or Pierre himself changed his mind.
Pierre, later recalling these thoughts, despite the fact that they were caused by the impressions of that day, was convinced that someone outside of him was telling them to him. Never, as it seemed to him, was he in reality able to think and express his thoughts like that.
“War is the most difficult subjection of human freedom to the laws of God,” said the voice. – Simplicity is obedience to God; you won't get away from it. And they are simple. They don't say, but they do. The spoken word is silver, and the unspoken is golden. A person cannot own anything while he is afraid of death. And whoever is not afraid of her, everything belongs to him. If there were no suffering, a person would not know the boundaries of himself, would not know himself. The most difficult thing (Pierre continued to think or hear in a dream) is to be able to combine in his soul the meaning of everything. Connect everything? Pierre said to himself. No, don't connect. You can’t connect thoughts, but to connect all these thoughts - that’s what you need! Yes, you need to match, you need to match! Pierre repeated to himself with inner delight, feeling that with these, and only with these words, what he wants to express is expressed, and the whole question that torments him is resolved.
- Yes, you need to pair, it's time to pair.
- It is necessary to harness, it is time to harness, Your Excellency! Your Excellency, - repeated a voice, - it is necessary to harness, it's time to harness ...
It was the voice of the bereytor who woke up Pierre. The sun beat right in Pierre's face. He glanced at the dirty inn, in the middle of which, near the well, the soldiers were watering the thin horses, from which carts rode out through the gates. Pierre turned away in disgust and, closing his eyes, hurriedly fell back into the seat of the carriage. “No, I don’t want this, I don’t want to see and understand this, I want to understand what was revealed to me during sleep. One more second and I would understand everything. What am I to do? Conjugate, but how to conjugate everything? And Pierre felt with horror that the whole meaning of what he saw and thought in a dream was destroyed.
The bereator, the coachman and the janitor told Pierre that an officer had arrived with the news that the French had moved near Mozhaisk and that ours were leaving.
Pierre got up and, having ordered to lay down and catch up with himself, went on foot through the city.
The troops went out and left about ten thousand wounded. These wounded could be seen in the yards and in the windows of houses and crowded in the streets. On the streets near the carts that were supposed to take away the wounded, screams, curses and blows were heard. Pierre gave the wheelchair that had overtaken him to a wounded general he knew and went with him to Moscow. Dear Pierre found out about the death of his brother-in-law and about the death of Prince Andrei.
Velyka Berestovitsa- an urban settlement and the administrative center of the Berestovitsky district of the Grodno region. It is located 60 km from Grodno and 295 km from Minsk near the Belarusian-Polish border. Highways P99 (Baranovichi - Volkovysk - Pogranichny - Grodno - Bruzgi) and P100 (Bridges - Bolshaya Berestovitsa) pass through the urban village. Berestovitsa railway station on the Mosty - Berestovitsa line is located 10 km from the urban village.
History of development - Bol. Berestovitsa
The first written mention of Bolshaya Berestovitsa is contained in the charter of Grand Duke Alexander 1506 on the transfer of the settlement for perpetual use to Alexander Khodkevich for services to the Fatherland. In 1549, Grigory Khodkevich began to build a residence here. During the XVII-XVIII centuries, the area was in the possession of the Mnisheks, Pototskys, Kossakovskys. IN 1754 King and Grand Duke August Sas bestowed Berestovitse Magdeburg law and coat of arms. Soon a town hall was built on the Market of the town. On September 19, 1794, more than 250 rebels died in the battle between the rebels under the command of Tadeusz Kosciuszko and the Russian troops in Berestovitsa.
As a result the third section of the Commonwealth in 1795 Bolshaya Berestovitsa became part of the Russian Empire. The inhabitants of the town took an active part in uprising of Kastus Kalinouski. After the uprising of 1863 was suppressed, the Catholic church on the territory of Bolshaya Berestovitsa was transferred to the Orthodox, and the monastery was closed. IN 1915 German troops occupied the town. By Riga Peace Treaty of 1921 interwar Polish Republic. IN 1939 Bolshaya Berestovitsa became part of BSSR. In the years Great Patriotic War from June 1941 to July 17, 1944 the village was under German occupation. IN 1947 Bolshaya Berestovitsa received the status urban-type settlements.
open all textTourism potential - Bol. Berestovitsa
In Bolshaya Berestovitsa, a number of sights have been preserved that keep the memory of the rich history of the urban village. In the very center of Bolshaya Berestovitsa there is a centuries-old Baroque church built in 1620. At the moment, the church is in a dilapidated state. important Orthodox church The urban settlement is built in 1868 at the expense of the landowner Count Kossakovsky, the government and parishioners. The current Catholic church in Berestovitsa is Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, which was built at the beginning of the 20th century in neo-gothic style. On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the village, a bronze statue was installed in Bolshaya Berestovitsa
Bolshaya Berestovitsa is a place in the Grodno region of Belarus. The town of Bolshaya Berestovitsa is administrative center Berestovitsky district. In Gorodok Bolshaya Berestovitsa, several important sights have been preserved that can attract tourists and travelers. Firstly, this is the Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary, which was built in 1741. Locals call this church simply "old". This valuable architectural monument is currently in a dilapidated state. Of course, I would like it to be completely restored someday, but for some tourists this church is of particular interest in this state.
Another important landmark and architectural monument of the town of Bolshaya Berestovitsa is the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, which was built in 1912. This church, respectively, is called "new". This church has been restored and is functioning.
There is also a church in the town of Bolshaya Berestovitsa. The local church is lit in honor of Saint Nicholas and was built in 1868. This church has also been completely renovated recently and is functioning. The church in the town of Bolshaya Berestovitsa is an important attraction that tourists and travelers should see.
