Chinese cabbage vegetable crops. Features of growing Chinese cabbage in a greenhouse. Plant diseases and pests
The birthplace of this type of cabbage is China;
. it is cultivated mostly in China and on the Korean peninsula, and in Russia mainly on Far East, successfully grown in home gardens;
. its agricultural technology is the same as for Beijing cabbage;
. The value of Chinese cabbage lies in the fact that it can be grown all year round(in open and protected ground). It is rich in vitamins B1, B2, PP, carotene, and vitamin C in it is 2 times more than in lettuce. Of the organic acids, citric acid predominates;
. eaten like Beijing cabbage - fresh, boiled and stewed, fermented and dried
The soil:
optimal reaction of the soil medium pH 6.5-7.2
mechanical composition soil: light soils
predecessor:
Legumes, cucumbers, onions, potatoes, beets, tomatoes and perennial grasses are good predecessors;
. you can not grow cabbage after cabbage and other vegetable crops of the same family - radish, turnip, radish, swede, turnip, watercress
specific cultural requirements:
Organic-rich, well-drained, medium loamy soils are most suitable for cultivation. Waterlogged, organically poor soils are of little use;
. the site must be fully lit, shading is allowed no more than 3 hours a day. It should be borne in mind that in conditions of long daylight hours and moderate temperatures, Chinese cabbage is prone to bolting;
. for autumn digging per 1 m2 they add: 4-5 kg of humus or compost, 20-25 g of superphosphate, 10-15 g of potassium sulfate, and in the spring before sowing or planting seedlings 15-20 g of ammonium nitrate
Landing:
planting method: seedling / seedless
seedling age:
25-30 days (seedlings ready for planting should have 4-5 leaves)
seed sowing time open ground:
V middle lane Russian seeds are sown in the first decade of May to mid-June with an interval of 10-15 days, and also from July 20 to August 10
sowing seeds for seedlings:
If cabbage is grown in protected ground, seedlings are sown in late January-early February;
. when grown in open ground, sowing is carried out in April;
. it is better to grow seedlings in a potted way, since seedlings grown without pots tolerate transplanting worse
sowing depth:
To a depth of 1-2 cm when sowing in open ground;
. to a depth of 0.5-1 cm, mixing the seeds with sand, when growing through seedlings
sowing / planting scheme:
sowing in open ground is carried out with 2 or 3 line tapes (50-60 cm between tapes, 20-30 cm between lines, 15-25 cm between plants)
Care and problems with growing:
top dressing:
During the season, 1-2 top dressings are carried out;
. phosphorus-potassium fertilizers should prevail in top dressing, since Chinese cabbage is also capable of accumulating a lot of nitrates, like Beijing cabbage
watering:
moisture-loving, but waterlogging significantly reduces the yield and product quality
more frost-resistant than Beijing cabbage, plants withstand frosts down to -6°C, the most favorable temperature for growth and development is +15-22°C;
. hot sunny weather causes leaf scorching and temperatures below 13°C may cause premature bolting
In Russia, in popularity it has already caught up with its distant relative - white cabbage, and in some respects it has become a leader. So, it is not necessary to plant it with seedlings, you can get by with seeds, which greatly simplifies it in open ground. The second important advantage is that it forms heads much faster, that is, there is no need to wait for autumn to harvest. The third wonderful quality of this vegetable is that it can be used for salads, and for hot dishes, and for pickles, which has already been appreciated by thousands of chefs. Usually Beijing cabbage is not capricious, but for some gardeners, instead of forming heads, it throws out only inflorescences that no one needs. What's the matter here? What secrets do you need to know to get good harvest?
Beijing or Chinese?
Cultivation of Beijing cabbage in subject to several simple conditions even beginners in gardening can do it. Some difficulties may arise only on the very initial stage- buying seeds, because sometimes on bags sold in all specialized stores, you can see different names and the same picture of a vegetable.
Everyone knows that Beijing is the capital of China. Therefore, it is logical that Beijing cabbage and Chinese are one and the same, but there are two varieties of this vegetable. One is salad cabbage, or bok-choy, the other is head-forming, or pet-sai. Bok choy does not form heads, only leaves that form in a rosette around the main bud. For the sake of these leaves, unusually useful from the standpoint of medicine, it is cultivated. In Russia, it is bok-choy that is most often called Chinese cabbage, and pet-sai - Beijing. It is also good for health. So, it contains a lot of vitamins A, C, B, PP, there are carotene, citric and ascorbic acids, proteins that are important for the human body.
Biological description
So that the cultivation of Beijing cabbage in the open field does not bring unexpected surprises, let's get acquainted with the appearance of this vegetable. If all sowing and care standards are met, the crop is loose oblong heads of cabbage up to 35 cm long. At the base, each leaf has a large fleshy central vein, whitish in color. Its shape is most often triangular, and the dimensions are such that they make up about 20% of the sheet or more. The rest of it is rather delicate, pale green, less often green or rich green, slightly convex, with jagged edges. In the context of a head of cabbage, the seeds of Beijing cabbage are small, similar to tiny balls. This vegetable loves moisture, light and heat, but is able to withstand frosts on the soil down to -4 degrees Celsius. This does not apply to young seedlings of Beijing cabbage, which need to be provided with a positive temperature.
Growing features
Beijing cabbage has many features. One of them is very fast germination. Therefore, growing Beijing cabbage in open ground from seeds is considered the most convenient way to cultivate it. The main condition that must be observed is the temperature regime. The fact is that Beijing cabbage gives full-bodied heads only in the air temperature range from +13 to +22 degrees Celsius. In cooler weather, this foreign vegetable actively forms arrows, in higher weather it does not tie good heads and also throws out flower stalks. Planting dates in each region should be oriented to climatic conditions, taking into account the fact that seeds germinate no longer than a week at a temperature environment up to +5 degrees and about 4 days at a temperature of +13 degrees. On average, cabbage is sown in open ground in spring from mid-April to mid-June, but experienced gardeners it is advised to sow with an interval of about 2 weeks in order to have a long harvest.
How to sow seeds
Growing Chinese cabbage outdoors in spring is the most convenient way to get a high yield. For beds allocate a well-lit place with light neutral soil.
Seeds are placed in the ground to a depth of no more than 2 cm, and preferably from 1 to 1.5 cm. In Chinese cabbage, very large lower leaves grow before the formation of heads, which subsequently die off, but in the process of growth they interfere with each other. Based on this, the distance between future cabbages should be at least 30 cm. It is almost impossible to withstand it by sowing small seeds, therefore, in the future, seedlings must be thinned out. In order for seedlings to appear faster, as well as to protect them from possible frosts, it is advisable to cover the crops with a film.
Further care
Growing Beijing cabbage in the open field is rarely difficult. After the emergence of seedlings and their thinning, proper watering comes first in importance. Beijing cabbage loves moisture and does not form good heads of cabbage if it is lacking. However, with an excess of water, it begins to rot. It should be watered abundantly, but in such a way that the water does not stagnate, and on especially hot days, arrange rain irrigation for your plants. Important for cabbage and weeding, as well as shallow loosening of the soil. This vegetable is fed 2 times per season with a solution of slurry or mullein.
Growing seedlings
Not only seeds, but also seedlings, the cultivation of Chinese cabbage in the open field at home is practiced. This is done for more early ripening harvest or for multiple harvests per season. Engage in seedlings of Beijing cabbage begin in the second half of April. This plant does not like transplants and picks, so each seed is immediately placed in a separate cassette or in a peat pot (tablet). You can also sow 2-3 seeds, so that after germination, leave the strongest seedling and remove the rest. As soon as the seedlings hatch, the containers with seedlings are transferred to a well-lit, but not hot place (ambient temperature - up to +18 degrees), so that the sprouts do not stretch too much. Otherwise, it will be problematic to land them. Seedlings are planted on the bed with a clod of earth, without injuring the root system.
The holes are made one from the other by 25-30 cm. Half a glass of ash and a pinch (up to a teaspoon) of complex fertilizers are added to each. Sprouts are ready to move to open ground when 5-6 leaves appear on each. In the first days after planting, young plants need to be covered with a film at night from sudden changes in temperature. Harvest can be harvested in 3 weeks.
Cultivation in summer
Since Beijing cabbage ripens very quickly, its crop can be harvested twice per season, re-sowing seeds from late July to mid-August. In June, it is not sown, which is due to the length of daylight hours, which should be no more than 12-13 hours for the formation of heads. Growing Beijing cabbage in the open field in July is not much different from the process in the spring.
The only thing that gardeners should additionally do is to artificially shorten the length of daylight hours for their cabbage by covering the plants with lutrasil. You also need to ensure sufficient watering and prevent the soil from drying out. To obtain seeds, cabbage is planted in months when the sun shines for more than 13 hours. It doesn't matter how high the air temperature is.
shooting chinese cabbage
Almost all gardeners plant Beijing cabbage for the sake of getting heads of cabbage. But sometimes, instead of forming heads, the plants begin to throw out flower arrows, and the harvest does not work. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary, in compliance with all norms, to carry out the cultivation of Beijing cabbage in the open field. The photo below shows what the rows should look like before the last thinning. With this method of planting, excess plants are not thrown away, but used for cooking.
Arrows may appear:
With too long daylight hours;
thickening of landings;
Lack of nutrients in the soil;
Insufficient watering in hot weather.
Sometimes cabbage is naughty when it is transplanted. This happens when gardeners, thinning out plantings, try to save extra plants by transplanting them to another place.
Pests and diseases
Growing Beijing cabbage in the open field in the country or personal plot usually passes without difficulty. Important: it is undesirable to plant this crop after other cruciferous plants (radish, radish, mustard), which reduces the risk of diseases characteristic of these crops. Among the pests, most often cabbage is attacked by fleas that can completely destroy seedlings. To combat insects, the bed should be sprinkled with ashes. They like to feast on cabbage leaves and slugs. If they are seen on the site, special traps are arranged for them. Another pest is cabbage, laying eggs on reverse side leaves. If such masonry is found, they are destroyed manually.
Any vegetable grower can grow Beijing cabbage (petsai), it is important that the gardener knows that Chinese cabbage has its own characteristics. This vegetable has received recognition in different countries for its nutritional qualities and ease of cultivation. The culture is varied various varieties can be grown from spring to late autumn.
Different varieties of Chinese cabbage
Chinese cabbage is a highly productive and early ripening vegetable, it is profitable to cultivate it even in winter period in greenhouse conditions. The growing period is short, so it is easy to get several crops during the summer season. useful product.
When cultivating Chinese cabbage, it is worth using different varieties vegetables, a varied selection will help to avoid poor germination or low-quality planting material. Most often, Russian gardeners plant Beijing cabbage varieties of Glass, Michel, Bilko, Lyubasha and others on their plots.
Chinese varieties Glass grows in 70 days, a head of vegetable reaches 2 kg. The peculiarity of this species is that the plant is resistant to stalking (the appearance of flowering stems). The Bilko variety belongs to early ripening species, is resistant to various diseases, it is rarely affected by pests.
It is worth highlighting the Chacha variety - a very early species, this Chinese cabbage, the cultivation and care of which does not require much effort, can be obtained 45 days after sowing. The plant has a universal purpose, grows up to 3 kg in weight. A Beijing vegetable called Michel is also an early ripening species. The first head of cabbage is formed 35-40 days after the appearance of sprouts above the ground. The shape of the mentioned vegetable is elongated, like a cylinder. From a mature product, excellent salads are obtained, you can pickle, pickle and stew.
Growing Chinese cabbage (video)
Planting and cultivation of Chinese cabbage
Considering different dates ripening plants, sowing seeds for seedlings or in the ground, vegetable growers produce in different periods. Planting material is lowered into open ground from late April to early June. The interval between sowing is 15-20 days. The second sowing is best done from the end of July to August 10-15.
In the spring, experts suggest sowing mainly salad varieties of vegetables; in summer, those species that form heads grow better. Optimum temperature, at which the culture effectively grows and develops, - + 15 ... + 22ºС. The main problem that spoils the yield of the plant is the bolting and flowering of the vegetable. In order to avoid trouble, you should follow the rules of cultivation. Chinese cabbage should have a short daylight hours, crops must be thinned out in a timely manner, and when choosing a cabbage variety, it is important to pay attention to its resistance to flowering.
When breeding petsai, you should know that seedlings need to be prepared from March. If a full-fledged plant is planned to be obtained by autumn, then the seeds are sown at the end of June. Not everyone can know how to grow seedlings, what substrate is suitable for this plant.
It is most convenient to prepare seedlings in individual containers, for example, in peat pots. The plant does not like transplantation and takes root in a new place for a long time. Vegetable soil should be loose and fertile. The substrate is prepared from soddy land and well-rotted humus. Planting material is lowered into the ground to a depth of 0.5-1 cm, the soil is gently moistened with a spray gun. Blanks should be covered with a film and removed for 2-4 days in a warm place. Good planting material should germinate after a specified period.
The seedlings that have appeared above the ground must be put in a well-lit place, the plants should be moistened at the moment when upper layer the soil will dry out. Landing readiness for transfer to permanent place growth is determined by appearance, bushes must have at least 4 true leaves.
The site where it is planned to grow Chinese cabbage should be fully lit, the holes on it are prepared at a distance of 25-30 cm from each other. For each well, 300 g of compost and 100 g of wood ash are allocated. The additives are mixed with the ground, then the hole is well moistened with warm water, then the plant is lowered into it. Need to know, they don't like landings acidic soils, lime will help get rid of such an incident.
The best climate in which cabbage grows actively, full lighting, timely hydration and relative coolness are all that cabbage needs. At air temperatures below + 13 ... + 14ºС, the culture stops developing. Heat above 25ºС also has a bad effect on the condition of Beijing cabbage. Non-woven shelter periodically helps farmers save crops during unexpected frosts, and on hot days it shelters plants from the scorching sun.
14-15 days after the seedlings are transferred to the holes, the soil under the plants is mulched, this technique helps to get rid of weeds, in addition, after mulching, the necessary moisture is retained in the substrate. The culture needs periodic feeding, the best fertilizers are considered to be an infusion of various herbs, an aqueous solution of mullein or bird droppings. For a better ovary, petsai are irrigated with an aqueous solution. boric acid. For the entire growing season, plantings are fed twice. During the weeding period, it is necessary to ensure that the apical bud on the plant is not covered with soil.
Chinese cabbage (video)
Plant diseases and pests
Cruciferous flea and slugs are the main pests of Chinese cabbage. You can protect heads of cabbage from pests with the help of covering material; experts do not recommend using pesticides. Wood ash can become effective tool against cabbage pests. It is mixed in equal proportions with snuff and showered with plantings at any convenient time. Tomatoes, garlic, petunia and potatoes are well repelled by a flea, they are planted next to Chinese cabbage.
Diseases affect culture infrequently, but preventive actions against diseases should be carried out regularly. It is impossible to grow a crop in those areas where cruciferous plant species, such as radishes, turnips, and cross-lettuce, were cultivated in the previous season. Good predecessors for Chinese plantings are legumes, tomatoes or beets.
In the human diet, vegetables should always be present in large quantities, and it is considered one of the most nutritious vegetable crops. Her useful material and delicate taste appealed to all over the world. This vegetable comes from China, has a fairly simple growing technology, which allows you to get a good harvest even in the northern regions. It should be noted right away that they often confuse 2 different types this vegetable sold on our shelves.
There is Petsai or. It is quite juicy and delicate in taste, ideal for making salads. A head of cabbage consists of light and rather thin wrinkled leaves, which are framed by fleshy and juicy petioles. In length, such a head of cabbage can reach from 15-30 cm.
Grade 2 is exactly Chinese cabbage (Pak-choi). This species has denser and fleshy upright leaves. The length of the socket can reach up to 35 cm. This type vegetable has a more saturated green color, there are 3 types - it is head, leaf and semi-head.
Most gardeners refer to the latter variety as head lettuce. In terms of the content of nutrients, it is in many ways superior to other varieties of cabbage. It contains vitamins and ascorbic acid, but its special substance is lysine - an amino acid that allows you to break down foreign proteins in the blood. In other words, it's not just delicious vegetable, it is very useful for the human body. In cooking, it is used mainly fresh, for salads, it is the fresh product that retains all its useful substances, but it is also used for cooking other dishes where heat treatment is necessary.
Growing this miracle vegetable on your own is easy, as this culture is not whimsical and easy to grow.
Growing pai choi
Any vegetable crop requires special care and cultivation requirements. Chinese cabbage is considered a cold-resistant crop that requires sufficient moisture. The soil for this vegetable is well fertilized and loose. Sour soil is categorically not suitable for its cultivation, and you should not plant this variety in the place where another variety of cabbage, radish and turnip previously grew.
A place for planting must be prepared in advance, in the fall the earth is dug up and fertilized with manure. Peat is categorically not suitable as a soil fertilizer for this vegetable. In the spring, before planting, it is good enough to loosen the ground and moisten.
Chinese cabbage (video)
Planting a crop
Since the Pai-choi variety is early ripening, planting should also take place in already established and suitable weather conditions. This vegetable ripens within one month, more late varieties ripen in 2-3 months - this fact allows you to harvest 2-3 times in one season. For active and good development and growth of the fetus, warm weather is necessary: the air temperature should be +15 ... + 25 ° С. Landing is carried out in the spring - in April or May.
Chinese kale is grown in 2 ways - seedlings and sowing seeds. Both options are widely used by vegetable growers in practice.
For growing seedlings, it is necessary to prepare containers and substrate. Some experts create mini-greenhouses in which young seedlings can be perfectly kept. It is worth sowing seeds for seedlings already in January-February, and by April, high-quality planting material will already be grown. The soil for planting is taken from the same place where the vegetable will grow in the future. The containers are filled with soil and moistened well, after which they proceed to laying seeds, deepening them into the ground by 2-3 cm. Containers can be covered with polyethylene, every day the film should be lifted for ventilation. After a month, seedlings can be planted in a permanent place in open ground. It is worth remembering that transplanting this culture is difficult to tolerate.
Distance between honey planting material kept at 40 cm, and between the beds - up to 50 cm. It is not recommended to plant deep Chinese cabbage, as it has a thin and weak root system. After planting, it is recommended to cover the bed with lutrasil, in which case the seedlings will more easily endure adaptation and will be protected from temperature changes and pests.
Planting seeds is carried out in April-May, if the weather is warm. The distance between the beds remains up to 50 cm, but you can sow quite thickly. At the first shoots, perform thinning and weeding at the same time, but it is worth remembering that the distance between the sprouts remains 10 cm. Later, as the plant grows, thinning should be performed until the distance between the sprouts is 40 cm, and so that the seedlings are not eaten pests, it is worth using ash or insecticides.
The benefits of Beijing cabbage (video)
Watering and fertilizing
Chinese cabbage requires careful and competent cultivation and care, the basis of good growth is regular watering. But at the same time, dampness and swimming of the soil should not be allowed, since these factors adversely affect the root system, causing diseases and stunting.
Watering should be done as the soil dries up, but it should not be allowed to completely dry out and form a crust on the soil. For watering, it is better to choose the morning time, this will allow the soil to warm up during the day, avoiding dampness. In case of prolonged rains, it is worth taking care of the beds with cabbage. You can protect them by covering them with polyethylene or agrofibre. Most vegetable growers combine watering with top dressing. For fertilizer, organic matter is most often used in the form of a weak liquid solution, as well as mullein infusion, which is prepared in a ratio of 1:8 with water.
Hilling is not necessary for this crop, it is enough to periodically loosen the top layer of the earth after watering. When weeding the beds, care must be taken not to fill up the apical bud.
In these simple rules and lies the secret of how to grow Chinese cabbage. This lesson is simple and even beginners - vegetable growers can do it. This vegetable deserves special attention, and its presence in the human diet will have a beneficial effect on health. The cut head is stored for quite a long time, the main thing is to properly pack each vegetable separately and store in a dry and cool place.
