Expressive means of expression. What are the means of expression in the Russian language: examples. irony and sarcasm

Our life experience leaves no room for doubt that the structure of speech, its properties and features can awaken the thoughts and feelings of people, maintain a keen attention and arouse interest in what is said or written. These features of speech give reason to call it expressive. However Scientific research show that 80% of citizens of the Russian Federation are acutely concerned with the improvement of these features of speech. Tasks A3 GIA-9 and B8 USE set the task for graduates of the 9th and 11th grades - to know the language means of expression.

Download:

Preview:

MEANS OF ARTISTIC EXPRESSION

Allegory - one of the tropes, a kind of allegory; an abstract idea or concept embodied in a specific image:the cross in Christianity is suffering, the lamb is defenselessness, the dove is innocence, etc.In literature, many allegorical images are taken from folklore, from fairy tales about animals:the wolf is greed, the fox is cunning, the snake is deceit.

Anaphora (unity)- a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of the same sounds, words or phrases at the beginning of lines.

I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing.(M. Lermontov.)

Antithesis - this is a technique of contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts. As a rule, the antithesis is based on the use of antonyms:Death and immortality, life and death are nothing to the virgin and the heart.(M. Lermontov.) It seemed difficult for us to part, but it would be more difficult to meet.(M. Lermontov.) You are poor, you are abundant, you are powerful, you are powerless, Mother Rus'!(N. Nekrasov.) Faces appear, erased, sweet today, and far away tomorrow.(A. Akhmatova.). Small spool but precious(Proverb.) They came together: wave and stone, // Poetry and prose, ice and fire, // Not so different from each other(A. Pushkin.) . Antithesis is an expressive artistic technique that can have a deep emotional impact on the reader.

Archaisms - obsolete for a certain era, obsolete language elements, replaced by others: vyya - neck, actor - actor, this - this one; belly - life, piit - a poet, hunger - hunger.

Unionlessness (or asyndeton)- a stylistic figure consisting in the intentional omission of connecting unions between members of a sentence or between sentences. The absence of unions gives the statement swiftness, richness of impressions within the overall picture.Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle, thunder of cannons, stomping, neighing, groaning ...(A. S. Pushkin.)

Hyperbola - a visual technique based on the quantitative strengthening of the signs of an object, phenomenon, action. In other words, this is an artistic exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted:It will pass - like the sun will shine! Look - the ruble will give!(N. Nekrasov.) I saw how she mows: what a wave - then a mop is ready.(N. Nekrasov.) And the mountain of bloody bodies prevented the balls from flying.(M. Lermontov.) I never knew that there were so many thousands of tons in my shamefully frivolous little head. In a hundred and forty suns the sunset was blazing.(V. Mayakovsky.) Bloomers, the width of the Black Sea.(N. Gogol.) The sea is knee-deep, tears flow in a stream.Hyperbole is used to enhance the emotional impact on the reader, to highlight any aspects in the depicted phenomenon.

gradation - arrangement of words and expressions in increasing or decreasing importance:Glowing, burning, shone huge blue eyes.(V. Soloukhin.) Music is useless sounds, superfluous sounds, unsuitable tones, groans not caused by pain.(B. Slutsky.) I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend.(A. Blok.) Howled, sang, a stone flew up under the sky, / And the whole quarry was covered in smoke.(N. Zabolotsky.)

Inversion - an artistic technique, a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence to achieve a certain artistic goal.For the shores of the distant homeland // You left alien edge. (A. Pushkin.) Thundering rumbles are young.(F. Tyutchev.) Rain pearls hung. (F. Tyutchev.) Runs from the mountain flow is agile.(F. Tyutchev.). ..where to look people are cut off curly... (V. Mayakovsky.) He shot past the porter with an arrow // Soared on the marble steps.(A. Pushkin.)

Irony - a trope consisting in the use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal for the purpose of ridicule.Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(Appeal to the donkey. I. Krylov.)

historicisms - obsolete words that have fallen into disuse due to the disappearance of the realities that they denoted:boyar, clerk, oprichnik, crossbow.

Pun - a figure of speech consisting in the humorous use of the ambiguity of a word or the sound similarity of various words:It was raining and two students. The defender of liberty and rights in this case is not at all right.(A. Pushkin.)

Lexical repetition- intentional repetition of the same word in the text. As a rule, using this technique, a keyword is highlighted in the text, the meaning of which should be drawn to the reader's attention:Not in vain did the winds blow, not in vain did the thunderstorm go.(S. Yesenin.) The hazy noon breathes lazily, the river rolls lazily. And in the fiery and pure firmament clouds lazily melt.(F. Tyutchev.)

Litotes - an expression containing an exorbitant underestimation of the size, strength, significance, etc. of a phenomenon.Tom Thumb. Man with nails.

Metaphor - type of allegory; represents the transfer of meaning by similarity. This means of expression is very close to comparison. Sometimes a metaphor is called a hidden comparison, since it is based on a comparison, but it is not formalized with the help of comparative conjunctions:sleepy city lake(A. Blok.), flying blizzard tambourine(A. Blok.), my dry leaves(V. Mayakovsky.), red rowan bonfire(S. Yesenin.), my words are nightingales(B. Akhmadulina.), lies cold smoke(A. Tvardovsky.), smile stream (M. Svetlov.), moon silver spoon(Yu. Moritz.) While we are burning with freedom ... (A. Pushkin.) With a sheaf of your oatmeal hair ...(S. Yesenin.) To see your eyes golden-brown whirlpool...(WITH. Yesenin.) Metaphor increases the accuracy of poetic speech and its emotional expressiveness.

Sometimes the entire text or a significant fragment of it is built on the basis of the transfer of meaning by similarity. In this case, one speaks of an extended metaphor. An example of this type of metaphor is M. Lermontov's poem "The Cup of Life", which is built on the deployment of a metaphorical statement drink the cup of life.

Metonymy - one of the means of artistic expression, which consists in replacing one word or concept with another that has a causal or other connection with the first.Will the time come ... when a man ... Belinsky and Gogol will carry from the market ...(N. Nekrasov.) I ate three bowls.(I. Krylov.) Bought Rubens. The whole field froze.(A. Pushkin.)

Polyunion (or polysyndeton)- a stylistic figure, consisting in the deliberate use of repeating unions for logical and intonational underlining of the members of the sentence connected by unions, to enhance the expressiveness of speech.Houses burned at night, and the wind blew, and black bodies on the gallows swayed from the wind, and ravens screamed above them.(A. Kuprin.).

Oxymoron or oxymoron- a combination of words that are opposite in meaning:Sometimes he falls passionately in love with his elegant sadness. (M. Lermontov.) But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery.(M. Lermontov.) Live, keeping the fun of grief remembering the joy of past springs...(V. Bryusov.) And the impossible is possible, the road is long and easy.(A. Blok.) From hateful love, out of crimes, frenzy - righteous Rus' will arise.(M. Voloshin.) Hot snow, a miserly knight, the magnificent withering of nature, sad joy, ringing silence, and so on.

personification - an artistic technique, which consists in the fact that when describing animals or inanimate objects, they are endowed with human feelings, thoughts, speech:Sit down, muse: hands in sleeves, legs under the bench! Don't fidget, freak! Now let's start...(A. Pushkin.) Luna laughed like a clown.(S. Yesenin.) Tired all around; tired and the color of heaven, and the wind, and the river, and the month that was born ...(A. Fet.) Dawn rises from the bed of his languishing Shadow.(I. Annensky.). The trees sing, the waters sparkle, the air is dissolved by love...(F. Tyutchev.) Midnight enters my city window with gifts of the night.(A. Tvardovsky.) Here they squeezed the village by the neck // Stone hands of the highway.(S. Yesenin.) Tears from the eyes of drainpipes.(V. Mayakovsky.) The transfer of human properties to animals is also personified:The dog bared its teeth, laughing at the prisoners.(A. Solzhenitsyn.)

Parallelism - the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech:Your mind is as deep as the sea. Your spirit is as high as mountains.(V. Bryusov.)

paraphrase - a turnover consisting in replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features.Author of "A Hero of Our Time"(instead of M. Yu. Lermontov), the king of beasts (instead of a lion).

Parceling - this is such a division of a sentence in which the content of the statement is realized not in one, but in two or more intonation-semantic speech units, following one after another after a separating pause.Elena is in trouble. Big.(F. Panferov.) Mitrofanov chuckled and stirred the coffee. squinted(I. Ilyina.)

rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal- special techniques that are used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. A rhetorical question can express interrogative content, but it is not asked to give or receive an answer to it, but to emotionally influence the reader. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of feelings in the text, and the rhetorical appeal is directed not to the real interlocutor, but to the subject of the artistic image.Dreams Dreams! Where is your sweetness!(A. Pushkin.) Familiar clouds! How do you live? Who do you intend to threaten now?(M. Svetlov.) Will pure heroes forgive? We did not keep their covenant.(3. Gippius.) Rus! where are you going?(N. Gogol.) Or is it new for us to argue with Europe? / Or is the Russian weaned from victories?(A. Pushkin.).

Synecdoche - the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: the use of the name of the whole instead of the name of the part, the general instead of the particular, and vice versa. superiors left pretty(instead of boss) discerning buyer (instead of discerning buyers).

Comparison - a visual technique based on a comparison of a phenomenon or concept with another phenomenon. In order to compare, compare one phenomenon with another, we use different language constructions in our speech that help to express the meaning of the comparison.

Most often, the comparison is made in speech in the form of comparative turns, with the help of this syntactic construction, objects, actions, signs are compared. Comparative turnover consists of a word or phrase with one of the comparative conjunctions(like, exactly, as if, as if, as if, what): Short speech, like pearls, shines with content.(L. Tolstoy.) Wide shadows move across the plain like clouds across the sky.(A. Chekhov.) Let the ball slide on a light piece of paper, like a dancer on ice, and write dashing zigzags on the fly.(D. Samoilov.) Our river, as if in a fairy tale, was paved with frost during the night.(S. Marshak.) I remember wonderful moment; // You appeared before me,// Like a fleeting vision,// Like a genius of pure beauty.(A. Pushkin.) A girl, black-haired and tender as the night.(M. Gorky.)

Comparison is also transmitted by a combination of a verb with a noun in the form instrumental(this construction is sometimes called "creative comparison"): Joy crawls like a snail (= creeps like a snail), grief runs wildly.(V.Mayakovsky) The sunset lay like a crimson fire. (A. Akhmatova.) In her chest with a bird sang (=sang like a bird) joy.(M. Gorky.) And the dew shines on the grass silver . (V. Surikov.) Chains of mountains stand like giants. (I. Nikitin.) Time flies sometimes a bird, sometimes crawling like a worm. (I. Turgenev.)

In addition, the comparison is also transmitted by a combination of the comparative form of the adjective and noun: Beneath it is a jet lighter than azure. (M. Lermontov.). The truth is more precious than gold. (Proverb.).

The expressiveness of speech is also given by complex sentences with a relative clause, which is attached to the main part using the same comparative conjunctions.as, exactly, as if, as if, as if: It suddenly felt good in my soul, as if my childhood had returned.(M. Gorky.) Golden foliage swirled in the pinkish water on the pond, like butterflies, a light flock flies with fading to the star.(S. Yesenin.)

Default - this is a turn of speech, which consists in the fact that the author deliberately does not fully express the thought, leaving the reader to guess what was not said.No, I wanted... maybe you... I thought. It's time for the baron to die.

Ellipsis - this is a stylistic figure, consisting in the omission of any implied member of the sentence.We villages - into ashes, hailstones - into dust, into swords - sickles and plows.(V. Zhukovsky.)

Epithet - this is a figurative definition that has a special artistic expressiveness, conveying the author's feeling for the depicted object, creating a vivid idea of \u200b\u200bthe object. As a rule, the epithet is expressed by an adjective used in a figurative sense. From this point of view, for example, adjectivesblue, gray, bluecombined with the word sky cannot be called epithets; these are the adjectiveslead, steel, amber.Not every definition can be called an epithet (cf.:iron bed And iron character, silver spoon and a silver key (meaning "spring"). Only in phrasesiron character and a silver key before us are epithets that carry a semantic and expressive-emotional load in the statement.

The epithet is used to, firstly, evoke in the reader a visible image of a person, thing, nature:A little way off to the side it was getting dark somehowdull bluishthe color of a pine forest .. the day was either clear or gloomy, but some light grey... (N. Gogol.), Secondly, to create a certain emotional impression of the depicted or to convey the mood: I sent you a black rose in a glass // As golden as the sky, Ai... (A. Blok.), thirdly, to express the author's position:And you will not wash away with all your black blood // The poet's righteous blood!(M. Lermontov.)

Sometimes among rare epithets there are combinations of opposite concepts ( oxymorons ). The illogical connection of words attracts the reader's attention, enhances the expressiveness of the image. The functions of such epithets are similar to the reception of antithesis (opposition). For example: gray-haired youth (A. Herzen), joyful sadness(V. Korolenko), sweet sadness (A. Kuprin), hateful love(M. Sholokhov), sad joy(S. Yesenin), etc.

In literary texts, there are rare (individual-author's) epithets. They are based on unexpected, often unique semantic associations:marmalade mood(A. Chekhov), cardboard love(N. Gogol), sheep love (I. Turgenev), colorful joy(V. Shukshin), moth beauty(A. Chekhov), wet-lipped wind(M. Sholokhov), tearful morning (A. Chekhov), flabby laughter (D. Mamin-Sibiryak), candy pain (Vs. Ivanov). The golden grove dissuaded / / Birch, cheerful language(S. Yesenin), etc.

Epiphora - this is the repetition of words or expressions at the end of adjacent passages (sentences).I would like to know why Ititular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? (N. Gogol.)

What are art media

Artistic means play a big role in writing literary works. They help the author to endow the described phenomena with certain specific features, to give them a better assessment.

Remark 1

Paths are the main artistic means in literature. Tropes are understood as words and phrases that are used in a figurative sense. There is a comparison of two phenomena that have common features, so one phenomenon, as it were, describes the other.

Paths help to diversify the writer's speech, they give new shades to objects and phenomena, give a more accurate assessment.

The trails can be divided into difficult and simple ones. The simple ones include the epithet and comparisons.

Epithet

The purpose of using an epithet is to characterize, define and explain some property of a certain object or phenomenon. The epithet is always combined with another word and transfers its features to it. Examples of epithets: golden ray, amber honey, sad star.

Epithets can be classified according to the following criteria:

epithets can be metaphorical and metonymic according to the way of designating a feature
according to the semantic parameter, they can be divided into color, evaluative, evaluative
according to their function, the epithet is divided into pictorial and lyrical
structure can be simple or complex.
according to the degree of mastery, they can be general language and individual-author's
according to the degree of connection with a certain word, epithets are divided into free and stable
by style, epithets can be colloquial, newspaper, book, folk

Comparison

The comparison can be expressed in the following ways:

unions (as if, as if, etc.)
instrumental
using words similar
denial
comparative degree of adjective or adverb

Complex artistic means of expression

The complex means of artistic expression include:

allegory
hyperbole
litotes
metaphor
metonymy
synecdoche
paraphrase
dysphemism
personification
sarcasm
irony
euphemism

Allegory is the artistic interpretation of ideas through imagery or dialogue. Most often, the use of allegory can be found in poems and parables. Allergy is rooted in mythology, interest in it began to appear, starting with folk art, it is also often used in the visual arts. Allegory is usually expressed in generalized terms. The writer can represent such concepts as war, peace, love by living beings.

Hyperbole is understood as artistic means that give the concept a deliberate exaggeration. The purpose of hyperbole is to enhance the expressiveness of some quality. Hyperbole rarely occurs alone, it is often used with other means of artistic expression, in particular, one can find such techniques as hyperbolic comparison or hyperbolic metaphor. Among writers, N. Gogol, V. Mayakovsky, E. Poe especially liked to resort to hyperbole.

The opposite of hyperbole is litote, a means of deliberate understatement. Litota intentionally reduces a certain characteristic of an object or phenomenon, for example, strength like a mosquito. By structure, a litote can be a metaphor, comparison or epithet.

A word or expression used figuratively to compare with another object common ground is called a metaphor.

This term was introduced in antiquity by Aristotle. When we talk about metaphor, we understand the transfer of meaning from one word to another. We can say that the metaphor consists of four components:

context
object inside context
functional process
application of this process to real situations

Remark 2

Metaphor is divided into diaphora and epiphora. Diaphora is a contrastive metaphor. An epiphora is a worn out metaphor.

Metonymy is a means of artistic expression in which one word replaces another based on the connection between these objects, for example, "all the flags are visiting us." The word that replaces the main subject is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy has several varieties:

individual-author's
general language
general poetic
general newspaper
individual creative

Another popular means of expression is the synecdoche. This term means the transfer of a common name to a private one, for example, “Everything is sleeping - both a person, and an animal, and a bird”, synecdoche is a kind of metonymy.

Paraphrase is an indirect description of an object with emphasis a certain sign, for example, "the sun of Russian poetry" (about Pushkin). In general, the reception of paraphrase can be classified according to the following criteria:

according to the method of formation (metaphorical and metonymic)
by frequency of use (author's and general language)
by the presence of a periphrasal word (dependent and independent)

Dysphemism is one of the types of trope, which is understood as a rough designation of a neutral concept to give it a negative connotation, for example, “head” together with the head.

Euphemism is the opposite of dysphemism, that is, it is the process of replacing a harsh word with a neutral one, such as "hard interrogation" instead of torture.

Personification is the endowment of inanimate objects with the signs and properties of animate ones, for example, "winter was waiting, nature was waiting."

Another commonly used artistic device is sarcasm. Sarcasm is a type of satire that involves sarcastic mockery, contains a negative connotation, and points out flaws. Sarcasm fights negative phenomena by ridiculing them.

Irony is a technique in which the true meaning is not called, but pronounced in a veiled way. Irony can have several forms: direct, anti-irony, post-irony, ironic worldview, self-irony, Socratic irony.

Figurative means of expressiveness of the language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal figurativeness of the narrative: tropes, various forms of instrumentation and rhythmic-intonational organization of the text, figures.

In the center are examples of the use of figurative means of the Russian language.

Vocabulary

trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The paths are based on an internal convergence, a comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.

Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on the similarity of features.

(p) “A horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,

It snows and lays a shawl"

Comparison- comparison of one object with another according to the principle of their similarity.

(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,

It stands alone in the whole universe"

personification- a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human qualities to inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.

(p) “Sleepy birches smiled,

Disheveled silk braids "

Hyperbola- an exaggeration.

(p) "Tears a yawning mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico"

Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another one that has a causal relationship with the first.

(p) "Farewell, unwashed Russia,

The country of slaves, the country of masters ... "

paraphrase- similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.

(p) "Kisa, we will see the sky in diamonds" (get rich)

Irony- one of the ways of expressing the author's position, the skeptical, mocking attitude of the author to the depicted.

Allegory- the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.

(p) In Krylov's fable "Dragonfly" - an allegory of frivolity.

Litotes- an understatement.

(p) "... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail!"

Sarcasm- a kind of comic, a way of displaying the author's position in a work, a caustic mockery.

(p) “I thank you for everything:

For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...

For everything that I was deceived"

Grotesque- a combination of contrasting, fantastic with the real. Widely used for satirical purposes.

(p) In Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.

Epithet- a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.

(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver…”

Oxymoron- a stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create an unexpected image.

(p) "heat of cold numbers", "sweet poison", "Living corpse", " Dead Souls».

Stylistic figures

Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which one or another concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.

(p) “Yes, this is just witchcraft!”

A rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.

(p) "What summer, what summer?"

Rhetorical address- an appeal that is conditional in nature, informing poetic speech of the desired intonation.

stanza ring- sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.

(p) "Affectionately closed the darkness"; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"

polyunion- such a construction of a sentence, when all or almost all homogeneous members linked by the same union

Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members, giving the worst. speech compactness, dynamism.

Ellipsis- an omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence.

Parallelism- concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.

Epiphora- repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.

(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!

Each of us is a horse in his own way ... "

Anaphora- monotony, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.

(p) “If you love, then without reason,

If you threaten, it’s not a joke ... "

Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a special expressiveness.

(p) “Not the wind, blowing from a height,

Sheets touched on a moonlit night ... "

gradation- the use of means of artistic expression, consistently reinforcing or weakening the image.

(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”

Antithesis- opposition.

(p) “They came together: water and stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire…”

Synecdoche- transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular instead of pl.

(p) “And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced ...”

Assonance- repetition in verse of homogeneous vowel sounds,

(p) "A son grew up without a smile at night"

Alliteration- repetition or consonance of vowels

(p) "Where the grove whinnying guns whinnying"

Refrain- exactly repeated verses of the text (as a rule, its last lines)

Reminiscence - in a work of art (mainly poetic), individual features inspired by involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else's, sometimes one's own).

(p) "I have experienced many, many"

Everything for study » Russian language » Visual means of expression: inversion, allegory, alliteration...

To bookmark a page, press Ctrl+D.

Link: https://website/russkij-yazyk/izobrazitelnye-sredstva-yazyka

Speech. Analysis of expressive means.

It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (figurative and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Usually, in the review of task B8, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.

synonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words that are close in meaning	soon - soon - one of these days - not today or tomorrow, in the near future
antonyms(contextual, linguistic) - words that are opposite in meaning	they never said to each other you, but always you.
phraseological units- stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word	at the edge of the world (= “far away”), missing teeth (= “frozen”)
archaisms- obsolete words	squad, province, eyes
dialectism- Vocabulary common in a certain area	chicken, goof
book, colloquial vocabulary	daring, associate; corrosion, management; squander money, outback

Trails.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

Types of trails and examples for them in the table:

metaphor- transferring the meaning of a word by similarity	dead silence
personification- likening an object or phenomenon to a living being	dissuadedgolden grove
comparison- comparison of one object or phenomenon with another (expressed through unions as, as if, as if, comparative degree of adjective)	bright as the sun
metonymy- replacement of the direct name with another by adjacency (i.e. based on real connections)	The hiss of foamy glasses (instead of: foamy wine in glasses)
synecdoche- the use of the name of the part instead of the whole and vice versa	a lonely sail turns white (instead of: a boat, a ship)
paraphrase– replacing a word or group of words to avoid repetition	author of "Woe from Wit" (instead of A.S. Griboyedov)
epithet- the use of definitions that give the expression imagery and emotionality	Where are you going, proud horse?
allegory- expression of abstract concepts in concrete artistic images	scales - justice, cross - faith, heart - love
hyperbola- exaggeration of the size, strength, beauty of the described	in a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned
litotes- underestimation of the size, strength, beauty of the described	your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble
irony- the use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal, with the aim of ridicule	Where, smart, are you wandering, head?

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

epiphora- repetition of words at the end of sentences or lines following one another	I would like to know. Why am I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor?
gradation- construction of homogeneous members of the sentence by increasing meaning or vice versa	came, saw, conquered
anaphora- repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or lines following one another	Ironthe truth is alive with envy, Ironpestle, and iron ovary.
pun- play on words	It was raining and two students.
rhetorical exclamation (question, appeal) - exclamatory, interrogative sentences or a sentence with an appeal that do not require a response from the addressee	Why are you standing, swaying, thin mountain ash? Long live the sun, long live the darkness!
syntactic parallelism- the same construction of sentences	young everywhere we have a road, old people everywhere we honor
polyunion- repetition of an excess union	And a sling, and an arrow, and a crafty dagger Years spare the winner ...
asyndeton- construction of complex sentences or a series of homogeneous members without unions	Flickering past the booth, women, Boys, benches, lanterns ...
ellipsis- omission of implied word	I'm behind a candle - a candle in the stove
inversion- indirect word order	Our amazing people.
antithesis- opposition (often expressed through the unions A, BUT, HOWEVER or antonyms	Where the table was food, there is a coffin
oxymoron- a combination of two contradictory concepts	living corpse, ice fire
citation- transmission in the text of other people's thoughts, statements indicating the author of these words.	As it is said in the poem by N. Nekrasov: “You have to bow your head below the thin bylinochka ...”
questionable-reciprocal form statements- the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them	And again a metaphor: "Live under minute houses ...". What do they mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction
ranks homogeneous members of the proposal- enumeration of homogeneous concepts	He was waiting for a long, serious illness, leaving the sport.
parceling- a sentence that is divided into intonation-semantic speech units.	I saw the sun. Above your head.

Remember!

When completing task B8, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it the semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc.

It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Parsing the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingenious that it is constantly self-renewing and thus keeps billions of passengers traveling for millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, cutting down forests, spoiling the oceans. (5) If on a small spacecraft astronauts fussily start cutting wires, unscrewing screws, drilling holes in the skin, then this will have to be qualified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) It's only a matter of size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) Wound up, multiply, swarm microscopic, on a planetary, and even more so on a universal, scale of being. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot is spreading from this place. (12) They scurry, multiply, do their work, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations.

(13) Unfortunately, just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress, are such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between man and nature, with the beauty of our land. (14) On the one hand, a man twitched by an inhuman rhythm modern life, crowding, a huge flow of artificial information, weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this outside world itself has been brought to such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communication with it.

(15) It is not known how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use a trope like _______. This image of the "cosmic body" and "cosmonauts" is the key to understanding the author's position. Discussing how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that "humanity is a disease of the planet." ______ ("scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations") convey the negative deeds of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said by the author is far from being indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence ________ "original" gives the argument a sad ending, which ends with a question.

List of terms:

epithet
litotes
introductory words and interstitial constructions
irony
extended metaphor
parceling
question-answer form of presentation
dialectism
homogeneous members of a sentence

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first - epithet, litote, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second - introductory words and plug-in constructions, parcelling, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.

It is better to start the task with passes that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission #2. Since the whole sentence is given as an example, some syntactic means is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous departures” rows of homogeneous members of the sentence are used : Verbs scurry, multiply, do business, gerunds eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “transfer” in the review indicates that the place of the gap should be a plural word. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and plug-in constructions and homogeneous member sentences. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without losing their meaning are absent. Thus, at the place of pass No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.

In pass number 3, the numbers of sentences are indicated, which means that the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parceling can be immediately “discarded”, since the authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. There are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in sentences: in my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In place of the last gap, you must substitute the term male, since the adjective “used” must agree with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms - epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here, the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet in front of us.

It remains to fill only the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences, where the image of the earth and us, people, as an image of a cosmic body and astronauts is rethought. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only thing left possible variant- a metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!” (Z) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet red color, like that of a clown. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And at first in the kindergarten, and then at school, I carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), But it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. (8) I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! (9) Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to sink into the ground with shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous person with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in the third grade when I had a bad cold. (12) I have otitis media. (13) In pain, I screamed and pounded my head with my palms. (14) Mom called ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver shrillly, like a woman, began to shout that now we will all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) The father asked how much was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, repeated: “What a fool I am!” (19) The father thought and quietly said to his mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain circled me like a snowflake blizzard. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me that a huge monster, with a clanging jaw, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow was falling on the frosty windows with a rustle. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomed into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was lit up with bright headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and through my eyelashes I saw my father. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time later he was ill with bilateral pneumonia.

(32) ... My children are perplexed why, when decorating a Christmas tree, I always cry. (ZZ) From the darkness of the past, a father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if stealthily wants to see his daughter among the dressed up crowd of children and smile at her cheerfully. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry.

(According to N. Aksyonova)

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0.

The sequence of numbers in the order in which they are written by you in the text of the review at the place of the gaps, write down in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell.

“The use by the narrator to describe the blizzard of such a lexical means of expression as _____ ("terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives the depicted picture an expressive power, and such tropes as _____ ("pain circled me" in sentence 20) and _____ ("the driver began to scream shrillly, like a woman" in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A technique such as _____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.

Means of speech expressiveness- these are speech turns, the main function of which is to give the language beauty and expressiveness, versatility and emotionality.
Phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with the word), syntactic (associated with the phrase and sentence) means are distinguished.
Phonetic means of expression
1. Alliteration- repetition in the text of consonant or identical consonant sounds.
For example: G O R od g R abil, g R fuck, g R abastal.
2. Assonance- repetition of vowels. For example:
M e lo, m e lo to sun e th e mle
Sun e limits.
St e cha gore e la on the table e,
St e cha burned ... (B. Pasternak)

3. Onomatopoeia- Reproduction of natural sound, imitation of sound. For example:
How do they wear drops of news about the ride,
And all through the night everyone clatters and rides,
Knocking a horseshoe on one nail
Here, then there, then in that entrance, then in this one.

Lexical means of expression (tropes)
1. Epithet- A figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon
For example: golden grove, cheerful wind
2. Comparison- Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature.
For example: And the birches stand like big candles.
3. Metaphor- figurative meaning of the word based on similarity.
For example: The chintz of the sky is blue.
4. Personification- the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects.
For example: Sleeping bird cherry in a white cape.
5. Metonymy- replacement of one word by another based on the adjacency of two concepts.
For example: I ate three bowls.
6. Synecdoche- replacement of the plural by the singular, use of the whole instead of the part (and vice versa).
For example: Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts...

7. Allegory- allegory; the image of a particular concept in artistic images (in fairy tales, fables, proverbs, epics).
For example: Fox- an allegory of cunning, hare- cowardice
8. Hyperbole- exaggeration.
For example: I haven't seen you in two hundred years.
9. Litota- an understatement.
For example: Wait 5 seconds.
10. Paraphrase- paraphrase, a descriptive phrase containing an assessment.
For example: King of beasts (lion).
11. Pun- a play on words, a humorous use of polysemy of words or homonymy.
For example:
Sitting in a taxi, DAKSA asked:
"What is the TAX for the fare?"
And the driver: "Money from TAX
We don't take it at all. That's SO-S!"
12. Oxymoron- a combination of opposite words.
For example: ringing silence, hot snow
13. Phraseologisms- stable combinations of words.
For example: bury talent in the ground.
14. Irony- subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to the direct one.
For example: Have you been singing? This is the case: so come on, dance.
Syntactic means of expression (stylistic figures)
1. Inversion- violation of the direct word order
For example: We have been waiting for you for a long time.
2. Ellipsis- omission of any member of the sentence, more often the predicate.
For example: We sat down - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows.
3. Default- interrupted statement, giving the opportunity to speculate, reflect.
For example: I suffered... I wanted an answer... I didn't wait... I left...
4. Interrogative sentence- syntactic organization of speech, which creates a manner of conversation.
For example: How to earn a million?
5. Rhetorical question- a question that contains a statement.
For example: Who can't catch up with him?

6. Rhetorical appeal- highlighting important semantic positions.
For example: O Sea! How I missed you!
7. Syntactic parallelism- similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines.
For example: To be able to ask for forgiveness is a sign of strength. To be able to forgive is an indicator of nobility.
8. Gradation- the location of synonyms according to the degree of increase or weakening of the sign.
For example: Silence covered, leaned, engulfed.
9. Antithesis- stylistic figure of contrast, comparison, opposition of opposite concepts.
For example: Long hair, short mind.
10. Anaphora- unanimity.
For example:
take care each other,
Kindness warm.
Take care of each other,
Let's not offend.

11. Epiphora- repetition of final words.
For example:
The forest is not the same!
The bush is not the same!
Thrush is not the same!

12. Parceling- division of the proposal into parts.
For example: A man has gone. IN leather jacket. Filthy. Smiled.