Pan-European interest as a unifying factor in the resistance movement. Resistance movement. Nazi "New Order" in Europe

The Resistance Movement was one of the significant aspects in the fight against Hitlerism and fascism. Almost immediately after the outbreak of World War II, many residents European countries volunteered for the active army, and after the occupation went underground. The resistance movement was more widespread in France and Germany itself. The main events and actions of the Resistance Movement will be discussed in this lesson.

background

1944- an organ of supreme power (Craiova Rada Narodova) was created, which opposed the emigrant government.

1944 G.- Warsaw Uprising. The rebels sought to liberate the city from German occupation. The uprising was put down.

France

During the war years, there were many anti-fascist organizations in France.

1940- the "Free France" was created (since 1942 - "Fighting France"), which was founded by General de Gaulle. The troops of the "Fighting France" in 1942 reached 70 thousand people.

1944- Created a French army internal forces based on the unification of individual anti-fascist organizations.

1944- the number of participants in the resistance movement is over 400 thousand people.

Members

As mentioned above, the Resistance Movement was in Germany itself. The Germans, who no longer wanted to put up with Hitlerism, created an underground anti-fascist organization. "Red Chapel", which was engaged in underground anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, maintained relations with Soviet intelligence, and so on. Many members of the underground organization, created at the end of the 1930s. (about 600 people), occupied responsible civil and military positions and positions in the Third Reich. When, in 1942, the Gestapo (German secret police) uncovered the organization, the investigators themselves were surprised at the scale of the work being done. The head of the "Red Chapel" H. Schulze-Boysen (Fig. 2) was shot, like many members of the organization.

Rice. 2. H. Schulze-Boysen ()

The Resistance Movement reached a particular scope in France. The Free French Committee, led by General de Gaulle, led against the Nazis and collaborators(those who made a deal to cooperate with the enemy) a real war. Throughout France, armed formations operated, arranging military and sabotage operations. When the Anglo-American army landed in Normandy in the summer of 1944 and opened the "Second Front", de Gaulle led his army to help the Allies and liberated Paris with their joint efforts.

The situation in Poland and Yugoslavia was rather complex and contradictory. Two opposing anti-fascist groups operated in these countries. In Poland, such organizations were "Army of Home" and "Army of the People". The first organization was created by the exile government of Poland and relied not only on the fight against the Nazis, but also against the communists. Established in 1942 with the help of Moscow, the Army of the People (People's) was the conductor of Soviet policy in Poland and was considered a truly people's organization. Often there were skirmishes and conflicts between these two armies.

In Yugoslavia, there was, in fact, a similar situation. On the one hand, the Nazis were opposed by the so-called. "Chetniks"(from the Serbian word "four" - combat unit, military detachment) led by General Drazhe Mikhailovich, speaking from pro-monarchist positions, and on the other - partisan detachments of communist Josip Broz Tito, who took shape in the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. Chetniks and partisans not only fought with the enemy, but also fought among themselves. Despite this, and VIn Poland and Yugoslavia, in the end, pro-Soviet forces took over.

The resistance movement was truly massive. It was not only in the occupied countries of Europe, but also in the concentration camps of death. Underground anti-fascist organizations existed and operated in them. Many prisoners died while trying to raise an uprising in Buchenwalde, Dachau, Auschwitz etc., they were burned in crematorium ovens, gassed and starved (Fig. 3).

In total, by the summer of 1944, the total number of participants in the Resistance Movement in different countries numbered about 1.5 million people. It rightfully made its weighty contribution to the fight against fascism and to the common victory over the enemy.

Rice. 3. Uprising in the Sobibor death camp. Some contributors ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

1. Read Chapter 13 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - the beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 1-4 on p. 153.

2. Why did Great Britain become the center and "headquarters" of the Resistance Movement?

3. How can one explain the confrontation between various military and political groups in Poland and Yugoslavia during World War II?

, sabotage and sabotage at enterprises, assistance to escaped prisoners of war and downed pilots, armed resistance. It acquired the greatest scope in the USSR, Poland, Yugoslavia and Greece, and from Western European countries - in Italy. Separate detachments, reconnaissance and sabotage and organizational groups for operations in the occupied territory of Europe were created on the territory of Great Britain. The most famous of these detachments in 1942 made an attempt on the imperial protector of Bohemia and Moravia R. Heydrich.

Encyclopedic YouTube

First period (beginning of the war - June 1941)

The first period was the period of accumulation of human resources, propagandistic and organizational preparation for the mass struggle.

After the occupation of Poland by the Germans, an underground “Union of Armed Struggle” was created. In 1939-1940, the movement swept through Silesia. In 1940, there was sabotage at enterprises and railway transport. Polish peasants refused to pay exorbitant taxes and sabotaged food supplies.
In Czechoslovakia, the formation of groups began that sabotaged factories, transport, etc.
In Yugoslavia, partisan detachments consisted of soldiers and officers who did not lay down their arms after the end of the war and went to the mountains to continue the fight.
In France, the first participants in the movement were the workers of the Paris region, the departments of Nord and the Pas de Calais. One of the first major demonstrations was dedicated to the end of the First World War on November 11, 1940. In May 1941, over 100,000 miners in the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais went on strike. In France, in May of the same year, the National Front was created - a mass patriotic association that rallied the French of various social strata and political views. The prototype of the military organization - the "Special Organization" was created at the end of 1940 (later it became part of the organization "Franteers and Partisans").
Albania, Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands and other countries that were occupied by German, Italian or Japanese troops, as well as their satellites, also rose to the fight.
China's resistance against the Japanese imperialists reached a large scale. From August 20 to December 5, 1940, the Chinese army launched an offensive against Japanese positions.

Second period (June 1941 - November 1942)

The second period is primarily associated with the German attack on the USSR. The heroic struggle of the Red Army, especially the battle near Moscow, made it possible to rally the resistance movement and make it nationwide. The liberation struggle of many peoples was led by:

National Front (in Poland, France and Italy)
Anti-Fascist People's Liberation Council (Yugoslavia)
National Liberation Front (in Greece and Albania)
Independence Front (Belgium)
Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)

Yugoslavia

On June 27, 1941, the Main Headquarters of the People's Liberation Partisan Detachments was formed in Yugoslavia. On July 7, under their leadership, an armed uprising began in Serbia, on July 13 - in Montenegro, after the action spread to Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. By the end of 1941, up to 80 thousand partisans operated in the country. On November 27 of the same year, the Anti-Fascist Council for the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia was created.

Poland

The strength of the Polish Resistance was the Craiova Army. In 1942, the Guards Lyudov was also created, and since 1944, the Army Lyudov acted instead.

Bulgaria

Other European countries

In Albania, the scale of the struggle increased. In Greece, the National Liberation Front led the fight. The detachments that arose were in December 1941 merged into the People's Liberation Army.

Asia

The resistance movement expanded in the countries of East and Southeast Asia, especially in China. The Japanese launched an offensive, but at the cost of heavy losses they were able to capture only Northern China.

Third period (November 1942 - late 1943)

Europe

This period is associated with fundamental changes in favor of the anti-Hitler coalition: the victory at Stalingrad, on the Kursk Bulge, and so on. Therefore, the resistance movement has sharply intensified in all countries (including Germany itself). In Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, people's liberation armies were created on the basis of partisan detachments. In Poland, the Ludov Guard acted, thereby setting an example for the Home Army, which could not act because of its reactionary leaders. An example of resistance is the uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto on April 19, 1943. The movement expanded in Czechoslovakia, and the Patriotic Anti-Hitler Front was created in Romania. The scale of the movement increased in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark; in Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Northern Italy, entire territories were liberated from the invaders.

Asia

In China, more and more territories were liberated. In 1943, the movement began in Korea as well, with strikes and sabotage. Vietnam was able to drive the Japanese north of the country. In Burma, the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League was formed in 1944. The Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia have stepped up.

Fourth period (end of 1943 - September 1945).

This period is characterized by the final stage of the war: the cleansing of Europe from Nazism and the victory over Japan.

Europe

As a result of the apparent collapse of the Nazi regime, a wave of uprisings swept through Europe:

Romania - uprising August 23, 1944;
Bulgaria - uprising in September 1944;
Slovakia - 1944 uprising;
Czechoslovakia - Slovak national uprising of 1944, Prague uprising of 1945;
Poland - government organization, Warsaw Uprising - summer 1944, unsuccessful;
Hungary - 22 December 1944 government organization;
Yugoslavia - National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, after March 7, 1945 - democratic government;
Albania - organization legislature and provisional government;
Greece - thanks to the defeat of the Axis in North Africa and the landing of the allies in Sicily, the victory on about. Malta, by the end of October 1944, the invaders were destroyed and the monarchy was restored;
France - in 1943 the movement intensified, the Paris uprising on June 6, 1944, which brought victory, became the top;
Italy - in the autumn of 1943, after the capitulation of Italy to the British-American allies and the subsequent occupation of the northern half of Italy by German troops, the Italian Resistance intensified, and in the summer of 1944 a partisan army of over 100 thousand people was created, in April 1945 a national uprising began, which led to the complete cleansing of the country from the invaders;
Belgium - about 50 thousand partisans acted, in September 1944 an uprising broke out;
Germany - the movement could not achieve anything, since the regime, with the help of terror, the policy of "carrot and stick" and mass propaganda and violence, held power until the very fall.

Asia

Philippines - the army of Hukbalahap in 1944 cleared the island of Luzon from the invaders, but the success could not be consolidated.
Indochina - association in the liberation army of Vietnam.
China - after the USSR entered the war with Japan, the Chinese army was able to completely clear the territory of the invaders.
Vietnam - uprising in August 1945 and the proclamation of a republic.
Indonesia - On August 17, 1945, a republic was proclaimed.
Malaya - liberation from the invaders by August 1945.

Results of the resistance movement

Unfortunately, in general, Europe was loyal to the Nazi occupation and throughout Europe there was close cooperation between European societies and the Hitler regime. The industry and the economy as a whole - of the occupied countries, as well as the growth of labor productivity until the very end of the war in Germany, prove the serious and significant reality of this fact. Not many wanted to fight the Nazis. For example, in his speech at the indictment trial of the Vichy regime, after the liberation of France, Petain said that he, while in Vichy, also "prepared the liberation of France ... the French people called me, they asked me for help ... and I came" .. To accusations of collaborationism and inaction, Petain replied that ".... what would be the use of freeing the ruins and cemeteries." And today, these words were voiced by the new President of the French Republic Emmanuel Macron, he said that "...Vichy is also France!", thus emphasizing the tragic page in the recent history of Europe.

The population of the occupied countries of Europe and the Soviet Union did not support the political and military-economic plans of the invaders. On the contrary, anti-fascist resistance grew and spread every day, not only in the occupied countries, but also in the countries that were allies of Nazi Germany.

Spontaneous anti-fascist demonstrations began to flare up in many European countries from the first days of the war. The struggle against the Nazi invaders in the countries of Europe was called resistance movement.

The Resistance Movement is a set of armed, economic and ideological forms of the struggle of the population of the occupied countries against the German occupation regime for freedom and national-state independence.

The most effective forms of resistance to the Nazi aggressors were the partisan movement, underground struggle, agitation and propaganda activities, economic sabotage, failure to comply with the directives and orders of the military occupation authorities. Already in the autumn of 1939, pockets of anti-German resistance began to emerge in Poland. It represented a significant force and developed in the form of various illegal currents. The Polish resistance was supported by the government of Poland, which was in exile, first in France, since 1940 - in Great Britain and headed by V. Sikorsky.
The patriots of France did not submit either. The forces of the French resistance movement at the beginning of July 1941 united in the National Front, the purpose of which was to liberate France from the Nazi invaders. In May 1943, the National Council of Resistance was formed, bringing together all the anti-fascist forces in France. Armed detachments of the organization "Franteers and Partisans" joined the fight against the invaders. In the spring of 1944, organizations of French patriots united in the army of the French internal forces, the number of which reached almost 500 thousand people.

Anti-German resistance acquired the widest scope in Yugoslavia. Already in the autumn of 1941, there were about 70 thousand people in the detachments of the Yugoslav partisans. They liberated a number of regions of the country from the enemy. In November 1942, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia was formed, which made a significant contribution to the struggle of the Yugoslav people against the Nazi aggressors. Over 1.7 million Yugoslav patriots died during the war.

The anti-fascist struggle unfolded in Albania, Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Czechoslovakia. The patriotic struggle unfolded even in those countries where pro-German governments operated: Italy, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Hungary. Thus, partisan Garibaldian brigades operated in the north and in the center of Italy. The association of Italian partisans, the Corps of Freedom Volunteers at the beginning of 1945, numbered 350 thousand people. The anti-fascist resistance movement took place in Germany and Austria, as well as in neutral Sweden and Switzerland.

The resistance movement involved people of different social strata and groups, political and religious views: the intelligentsia and the bourgeoisie, workers and peasants, communists and socialists, liberals, conservatives and non-party people, Christians and Muslims. They were united by a common goal - to resist the German occupation regime and restore national-state independence. About 40 thousand of our compatriots participated in the resistance movement.

The Resistance Movement was one of the significant aspects in the fight against Hitlerism and fascism. Almost immediately after the start of World War II, many residents of European countries volunteered for the army, and after the occupation went underground. The resistance movement was more widespread in France and Germany itself. The main events and actions of the Resistance Movement will be discussed in this lesson.

background

1944- an organ of supreme power (Craiova Rada Narodova) was created, which opposed the emigrant government.

1944 G.- Warsaw Uprising. The rebels sought to liberate the city from German occupation. The uprising was put down.

France

During the war years, there were many anti-fascist organizations in France.

1940- the "Free France" was created (since 1942 - "Fighting France"), which was founded by General de Gaulle. The troops of the "Fighting France" in 1942 reached 70 thousand people.

1944- an army of French internal forces was created on the basis of the unification of individual anti-fascist organizations.

1944- the number of participants in the resistance movement is over 400 thousand people.

Members

Rice. 2. H. Schulze-Boysen ()

In total, by the summer of 1944, the total number of participants in the Resistance Movement in different countries totaled about 1.5 million people. It rightfully made its weighty contribution to the fight against fascism and to the common victory over the enemy.

Rice. 3. Uprising in the Sobibor death camp. Some contributors ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

1. Read Chapter 13 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - the beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 1-4 on p. 153.

2. Why did Great Britain become the center and "headquarters" of the Resistance Movement?

3. How can one explain the confrontation between various military and political groups in Poland and Yugoslavia during World War II?

Resistance Movement (1939-1945) - people's liberation struggle against the German, Italian and Japanese regimes and accomplices to the invaders during the Second World War. The patriotic, anti-fascist, liberation struggle embraced broad sections of the peasantry, intelligentsia, bourgeoisie, and workers. The Resistance Movement, which had an international character, gained a large scale in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Greece, Albania, China, the countries of Indochina, etc.

The armed struggle against the invaders usually took place in several stages. At first, these were the actions of separate combat groups and detachments, which then became more and more numerous and powerful. In some countries, the development of the Resistance Movement led to the creation of people's armies. So, in Yugoslavia, on the basis of partisan detachments, the People's Liberation Army was created, which by the summer of 1944 consisted of 350 thousand fighters.

In Poland, small partisan detachments first entered the struggle against the Nazi invaders, then the Craiova Army formed by the Polish émigré government and the Guards of Ludow, created at the initiative of the Polish Workers' Party, which in 1943 reached 10 thousand people, joined. In 1944, all democratic forces united in the People's Army. With the beginning of the liberation of Poland, the People's Army and the formations of the 1st Polish Army, formed on the territory of the USSR, merged into the regular Polish Army, which made a significant contribution to the liberation of their homeland.

The growth of the partisan movement in Greece and the creation of the Greek People's Liberation Army led to the liberation from the Nazis of more than half of the country's territory, in a number of regions of which the foundations of people's democratic power were born.

The patriots of Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Albania and other countries put up courageous resistance to the Nazis.

A powerful resistance movement unfolded in the countries of Western Europe. In France, for example, since 1943 the National Council of Resistance has been operating, and since 1941 - the French Internal Armed Forces; in Belgium, the Independence Front and the Belgian Partisan Army; in Italy - shock brigades named after Garibaldi. In Germany itself and in a number of other countries of the fascist bloc, groups of anti-fascists known under the names of the Red Chapel, the International Anti-Fascist Committee, and others operated under conditions of cruel terror and repression.

The Soviet people, who found themselves in the occupied territory, entered into a deadly battle with fascism. Only in 1941 fighting More than 2,000 partisan detachments were led against the enemy; by the summer of 1942, partisan territories had also arisen, and in 1943, partisan formations numbered 125,000 people. Established in 1942, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement led the struggle of the people's avengers in the forests of Belarus, the RSFSR, and Ukraine, who fought against German units, captured important strategic formations, saved civilians from deportation to Germany, and carried out raids deep behind enemy lines. The all-people's war against the occupiers was an important part of the overall struggle against fascism.

Prisoners of concentration camps created underground organizations and groups, made escapes, sabotage, sabotage. With the approach of the Red Army and Allied troops, armed uprisings took place in the death camps of Buchenwald, Mauthausen and others.

The Resistance Movement actively developed in the countries of Asia occupied by Japan. In the rear of the Japanese troops in China, large partisan forces were operating, liberating entire regions. Korean patriots fought actively. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Indochina, the League for the Struggle for the Independence of Vietnam was created. A liberation struggle unfolded in Burma (now Myanmar), Indonesia, and the Philippines.

The Resistance Movement made a significant contribution to the defeat of fascism. During the Second World War, in a number of countries, the Resistance Movement led to the formation of national, popular, domestic, liberation fronts: the United People's Liberation Front of Yugoslavia, the People's Liberation Front of Albania, the National Liberation Front of Greece, the Fatherland Front of Bulgaria, the National Democratic Front of Romania and etc.

The fronts differed not only in name, but also in different socio-political composition, degree of strength and unity, forms and structure of organization. These differences depended on the specific historical conditions in which an essentially unified revolutionary liberation process took place.

After the decisive defeats of the Nazi troops on the Soviet-German front in many countries of Europe and satellite countries occupied by the fascists, where earlier, where later, conditions were formed for the preparation of anti-fascist armed uprisings.

The traditions of the Resistance Movement are used by the peoples in the struggle for national liberation and the social renewal of the modern world.