Conquests of Pharaoh Thutmose iii. Thutmose III - a short biography. The internal state of Egypt under Thutmose III
During his coming to power, the northern part of Nubia revolted, and at the beginning of the 2nd year of the reign of Thutmose I, at the head of an army, sailed south to suppress this uprising. Despite the support of the nomads who invaded from the desert, the enemy was completely defeated, and Thutmose I personally hit the Nubian leader with a spear. Near the 3rd Nile threshold, Thutmose I set up 5 triumphal walls, and Egyptian dominance over the conquered lands was secured by laying a fortress on the island of Tombos. After that, Thutmose I advanced even further south and captured the large and fertile region of Dongola "up to the country of Karai". An inscription on the island of Arko indicates that during his campaign to the south, Thutmose I completely devastated Nubia, and entire tribes were enslaved. A year after the start of his Nubian campaign, in the 3rd year of his reign, Thutmose I returned to the 1st threshold, where he ordered the canal of Senusret III to be cleared.
After a campaign to the south, Thutmose I undertook a campaign in Asia. But this campaign was more like a victorious raid, since it took place without significant clashes with the troops of the local rulers of Palestine and Syria. The troops of Thutmose I reached Mitanni on the Euphrates and for the first time saw a large river flowing not in the usual direction for the Egyptians from south to north, like the Nile, but from north to south, which led them to great amazement and was reflected in the Egyptian name of the river - "Inverted water". The Mitani king was taken by surprise: in the battle that took place, the Egyptians won a decisive victory, capturing many prisoners. On the banks of the Euphrates, Thutmose I had an inscription carved marking the northern border of his possessions. The pharaoh returned to Egypt with rich booty.
Huge valuables captured during campaigns in Nubia and Asia, and the annual tribute from the conquered regions enriched the state. This, first of all, was reflected in architecture. Thutmose I became the first pharaoh of the New Kingdom era, who launched active temple construction in Karnak. It was during the reign of Thutmose I that the flowering of creativity of the brilliant architect Ineni, who was appointed head of construction in Karnak, falls. Ineni begins to build a magnificent structure worthy of the "victorious Amon". The facade of the temple was facing the Nile and looked like a pylon. In front of him stood two obelisks, each 23 m high. Behind the pylon was a shallow but wide columned hall, then a smaller pylon, then a rectangular courtyard surrounded by porticoes, between the columns of which stood colossal statues of Thutmose I. In the back of the courtyard was an ancient sanctuary from the time of the Middle Kingdom. Under Thutmose I, constructions were also begun that were supposed to connect the temple of Amun with the temple of the goddess Mut.
In addition, Thutmose I restored the revered temple of Osiris at Abydos and donated to it rich accessories and furnishings for the cult of gold and silver with magnificent images of the gods.
Thutmose I was the first pharaoh to separate his tomb from the memorial temple in order to make it more inconspicuous and thus protect it from looting. He ordered the tomb to be carved into the rock in the desert gorge of the "Valley of the Kings" northwest of Thebes, and he built a funeral temple, like the previous kings in the Nile Valley. Work on the tomb was carried out in the deepest secrecy, the entrance to it was carefully disguised. But all these precautions still did not save the tomb from robbers.
Thutmose I had two direct heirs: two sons from his main wife Ahmose - Uajmose and Amenmose, but they died before their father, Neferubiti's daughter also died, and Hatshepsut's daughter was married to her half-brother, who was proclaimed heir to the throne.
For a long time remaining in the shadow of his stepmother and aunt, Queen Hatshepsut, Thutmose III showed himself to be an active ruler and conqueror. It took him seventeen military campaigns to put an end to the threat posed by the inhabitants of Syria and Palestine, who attacked Egypt from the east. By the time of Thutmose's death, his empire stretched from the Euphrates to the Sudan.
Energetic, active, courageous - these are the three words that the best way characterize Pharaoh Thutmose III. However, the young ruler obviously did not inherit these wonderful qualities from his father, King Thutmose II, nicknamed “the falcon in the nest” for cowardice. It must be said that the future Thutmose III had to restrain his temper for a very long time and languish with impatience in anticipation of the day when he finally takes the throne, which, as the prince believed, rightfully belonged to him. The boy was only five years old when his pharaoh father died, an unsuitable age for kingship. Therefore, the great wife of Thutmose II became the regent for the prince, who was the son of a concubine. This great wife, who was both stepmother and aunt to the prince, was a young woman as intelligent as she was beautiful. Her name was Hatshepsut.
Destruction of portraits of Hatshepsut
Not much time passed, and Hatshepsut got bored of ruling in the shadow of his nephew. She decided to become queen and crown herself, not forgetting, however, about the young pharaoh, whose divine origin she was not even going to dispute.
However, this young pharaoh turned into a man. His character was tempered, ambitions appeared ... Relations between the queen and nephew became tense. Only after the death of Hatshepsut did the young prince finally truly begin to rule the country, taking the name of Thutmose III. He so badly wanted to get rid of the unpleasant memories of his predecessor that he ordered the destruction of all her portraits.
Barely crowned, the ruler was faced with a very disturbing situation on the borders. Throughout her reign, Queen Hatshepsut sought to maintain peaceful relations with her neighbors. Its neutral position fueled the military ambitions of some peoples (particularly the Mitannians), and they created a coalition against Egypt, a coalition led by the king of Kadesh, gathering under his banner all those who, like the Syrians and Palestinians, longed to take possession of the treasures of the land of the pharaohs. Of course, Thutmose III was not the kind of person who could allow such a thing to happen. In the very first year of his reign, he intended to deliver a terrible blow that would show the enemies of Egypt that the times had changed and that from now on the kingdom of the Two Lands was again ruled by an energetic sovereign.
Leading the Egyptian army, Thutmose III crossed the Sinai mountains and captured the city of Gaza. King Kadesh and his allies took refuge in the fortified city of Megiddo, located north of Gaza. Thutmose decided to expel them from there. He called his generals to a council of war. Those reacted to his plans with great caution. They knew about the fighting ability of Asian warriors and were afraid to fall into a trap.
FORECESSORS OF THE TROJAN HORSE
During one of the campaigns of Thutmose III in Syria, the ancient citadel of Jaffa, which was considered impregnable, was taken. The Egyptians created a legend about this glorious event, which reminds us of another, well-known feat. A certain commander of the pharaoh named Dzhehuti surrounded the city with his army, but could not penetrate it. After much deliberation, he decided to resort to trickery. Egyptian soldiers dressed as merchants knocked on the city gates and demanded to be let in, saying that they had brought large vessels of oil to the besieged. Inside each vessel sat a warrior. As soon as the delivered "goods" were brought into the city, the Egyptians unexpectedly jumped out of their hiding places and easily captured the fortress, anticipating the trick that the Greeks would come up with to take the city of Troy - the famous horse, an insidious "gift" to the Trojans.
Courageous and far-sighted commander
The Egyptians could approach the walls of Megiddo along three roads. Two of them seemed quite safe. They were easy to control, and a whole army could easily pass through them. The third one ran along the bottom of a deep and narrow gorge, where the enemy could easily ambush. Thutmose listened attentively to his generals. They all agreed on one thing: you need to choose one of the first two roads. The arguments were very persuasive. When the military leaders stated their point of view, the sovereign made a decision. The army will move along the third road, the most difficult and most dangerous. The commanders were amazed, because everyone was sure that the enemy would lay a trap for them, and the entire Egyptian army would inevitably be destroyed. However, Thutmose did not want to listen to them anymore and insisted on his own.
Of course, the ruler personally led his people. He was the first to enter the gorge, and all the other warriors followed him, lining up in a long column. Everyone was worried. Of course, no one dared to protest aloud, because the Egyptian army was famous for its discipline, but everyone was sure that not a single warrior would get out of this trap alive.
The column moved further and further, but nothing happened. Soon Thutmose, with the vanguard following on his heels, entered the valley where the city of Megiddo stood. The enemy did not notice anything. The pharaoh deployed his troops under the cover of night. He was going to attack the very next morning.
At dawn, the Egyptian army suddenly attacked the camp, set up by the allied army of the Kadet in a field near the city walls. And a fierce battle broke out. The Asian warriors were taken by surprise, but they still managed to break out of the encirclement and take cover behind the powerful walls of the city. Thutmose III immediately ordered the siege of the fortress of Megiddo. This siege lasted several months...
For Thutmose III, this was an incomplete victory. Of course, the pharaoh showed himself to be a shrewd strategist, because in fact the two roads that were considered easy and safe, and along which his commanders would lead the army, were under the complete control of the enemy, who prepared ambushes for the Egyptians. Choosing the most difficult road, entering the gorge at the head of the column and the first to attack, the ruler was known as a wise and courageous commander. The continuation was much less successful, because Thutmose III was unable to get his soldiers to form the correct formation in battle, which would cut off the enemy's retreat and prevent him from taking refuge in the city, thereby saving the Egyptian army from the need to wage a long siege of Megiddo.
Merciful Winner
Finally, the besieged surrendered. According to an inscription carved on the walls of Karnak, more than three hundred and fifty kings and leaders were taken prisoner in Megiddo. Together with rich trophies they were brought to Egypt. The same inscription describes the booty in detail: the Egyptians captured no less than nine hundred war chariots and two thousand horses, not to mention other unseen treasures - weapons, precious metals and gems that the captive rulers collected for this campaign.
Thutmose III was an active sovereign and warrior, but he never shed blood in vain. He did not execute any of the captives, contrary to the custom common in those days. The pharaoh was content to keep them in captivity for a while, and then released them to their homeland, giving them a stern warning.
However, for greater reliability, Thutmose did not limit himself to simple threats, because he understood that words would not prevent the Asians from creating a new coalition. The military campaign was followed by the economic enslavement of Palestine and Syria, which allowed, among other things, the spread of Egyptian influence and culture in these territories.
During all the years of his reign, Thutmose III led seventeen military campaigns against the restless northeastern neighbors of Egypt. However, not all of these campaigns are military campaigns in the strict sense of the word. Not every case ends in a fight. Some expeditions were exclusively demonstration events: the sovereign always preferred to demonstrate strength in advance, so that later he would not have to resort to it.
Another victory over the king of Mitanni Thutmose III won a few years later during the next expedition, which this time became a real military campaign. Egyptian troops reached the very banks of the Euphrates. A large-scale battle, which put the enemy to flight, took place in Karchemish, not far from Aleppo. It was here that Thutmose III ordered the installation of a memorial stele: at the very place where his predecessor Thutmose I had visited.
THE PERIOD OF THUTMS III
The glorious XVIIIth dynasty, to which Thutmose III belonged, was the first dynasty of the New Kingdom; She came to power around 1550 BC. e. It includes the following pharaohs (in chronological order): Ahmose; Amenhotep I; Thutmose I; Thutmose II; Hatshepsut; Thutmose III; Amenhotep II; Thutmose IV; Amenhotep III; Amenhotep IV; Neferneferuaten; Smenkhkare; Tutankhamun; Ai and Horemheb.
From the banks of the Euphrates to the Sudan
Returning back, the pharaoh was faced with an uprising of the Syrians and, in order to suppress it, he had to wipe out more than thirty cities from the face of the earth.
By the way, all these wars and conquests did not prevent the king from marrying Syrian women who became his younger spouses.
The frequent military operations characteristic of the era of the reign of Thutmose III required a large and well-trained army. It consisted mainly of Egyptian warriors, but foreigners were also recruited into it. They were professional, impeccably trained soldiers, commanded by experienced military leaders. By the way, among them there were many court clerks, that is, educated and enlightened people who thought not only about how to kill more enemies.
This explains why the campaigns organized by Thutmose III were not as bloody as those of his predecessors. At the same time, the pharaoh rarely came to a direct confrontation between the troops. And if the battle did happen, it was short and only a small part of the army participated in it. Each camp sought to test the strength of the enemy, but the war most often took on a strategic character, and the maneuvers of the troops took much more time than the actual battle.
Thutmose III was not only a warrior, but also a builder. The main business of his whole life was the decoration of Karnak, in particular, the construction of a large "hall for holidays", in the decor of which he sang the glory of Amon.
Thutmose III left his successor an empire stretching from the banks of the Euphrates to the Sudan, adding more land than other pharaohs.
GRAND VIZIR ON HEIGHT
The grand vizier of Thutmose III was Rehmira. The policy of conquest forced the pharaoh to leave Egypt often and for a long time, so that in his absence the kingdom was solely ruled by his grand vizier. He controlled the finances, everything construction works pharaoh, as well as security within the country, and was forced to make the most important political decisions alone, which the sovereign invariably approved. On the day he took office, the vizier Rehmira received the following instructions from Thutmose III: “Carefully follow everything that happens in your department - order throughout the country depends on it. The business of the vizier is not a pleasure, but a duty. Your task is to be impartial and impartial in the face of princes and great ones. Follow the law in everything."
Conquests of Thutmose III
On the twenty-fifth day of the eighth month in the twenty-second year of his reign, Pharaoh Thutmose III passed the fortress of Charu (Sile), located on the eastern border of Egypt, "to repel those who attacked the borders of Egypt" and exterminate those who "tend to rebel against his majesty ". In Central and Northern Palestine, an alliance of three hundred and thirty local princes was formed, the soul of which was the Hyksos, expelled from Avaris and Sharuhen. At his disposal was the king of Kadesh, who decided to resist any attempt by Egypt to establish his dominance in Syria by force of arms. It seems that only Southern Palestine remained loyal to the pharaoh. After the preparations were completed, Thutmose set off on a campaign along the great military road, which then, as now, starting in Kantara (in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern Suez Canal), ran along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. On the fourth day of the ninth month in the twenty-third year of his reign, on the anniversary of his accession to the throne, the pharaoh arrived in Gaza. The passage continued through Ashkelon, Ashdod, and Jamnia, where the Egyptian army apparently abandoned the desert road linking Jamnia with Jaffa to follow the caravan route inland along the foothills and through the Carmel mountain range. Eleven days after Thutmose left Gaza, he reached the city of Ichem at the foot of the mountain. There he was informed that the enemy had settled on the other side, in the valley of Ezdralon, and had chosen the fortified city of Megiddo as the center of their defense.
It was necessary to cross the mountains and engage in battle with the enemies near Megiddo. The only thing that was in doubt was the path that should have been chosen. There were three possibilities in total. The first and closest route led from Ichem through Aruna directly to Megiddo, it passed through a narrow gorge where the army could advance slowly, "horse by horse and man by man." In addition, there was a very real danger that the enemy might engage the vanguard of the Egyptian army as soon as it came out of the gorge into the open, and easily destroy it before the rest of the army could arrive with reinforcements. The other two paths were longer but safer.
The king convened a military council to work out a decision on the right path for the campaign. Everyone believed that the nearest, but the most dangerous path should be abandoned in favor of one of the other two. However, Thutmose took this advice as a manifestation of cowardice and opined that the enemies would also attribute to fear the choice of any but a direct path to the battlefield. Before his army, the pharaoh exclaimed: “Since Ra loves me, and my father Amun praises me, I will go along this road to Aruna; let those of you who [wishes] follow those other paths that you have named, and may those of you who [wishes] follow my majesty.” So the most difficult and dangerous road was chosen. The army went on a campaign and in three days reached Aruna. After a night's halt on the summit, in the early morning, it descended into the Ezdralon Valley. The king personally went with the vanguard of his army and, having slowly passed through a narrow gorge, had already descended into the valley, when the bulk of his army was still in the mountains, and the rearguard had not even left Aruna yet. Nevertheless, the terrible attack of the enemies did not happen. In order of battle, they positioned themselves in front of the gates of Megiddo and, for some incomprehensible reason, made no attempt to interfere with the advance of the Egyptians. Accordingly, Thutmose was able to lead his army into the valley without interference and settle in a fortified camp. The soldiers rested the night and gained strength to face the enemy the next day. The battle began at dawn. The pharaoh mounted his "golden chariot, adorned with his armor of war, like Horus, mighty in hand, and the Theban Montu" and took his place at the head of the army. The enemies trembled before the fierce attack of the Egyptians and rushed to flee to the city walls. They found that the residents had already closed the gates, so the fugitives, including the ruler of Kadesh, who led the rebellion, and the ruler of Megiddo himself, had to be dragged over the wall using their clothes instead of ropes. The losses of the enemies due to their swift flight were very insignificant, only eighty-three people died, whose hands were cut off and folded before the pharaoh, and three hundred and forty were captured. However, the entire Allied camp was in the hands of the Egyptians, including a huge number of war chariots and horses abandoned by their owners. The Egyptian soldiers so greedily pounced on rich booty that they completely missed the opportunity to pursue the enemy and capture the city. Pharaoh's reproaches were useless: they came too late. So he was forced to lay siege to Megiddo, "the capture of which was the capture of a thousand cities," and, through a blockade lasting seven months, to starve it into submission. Ditches were dug around the city and ramparts erected to prevent any attempt to sally out. Of course, the final surrender was inevitable. The rulers personally went out of the city and fell at the feet of the pharaoh to "ask for breath for their nostrils."
“Then this fallen [lord of Kadesh], together with the princes that were with him, caused all their children to come out to my majesty with many objects of gold and silver, all their horses with their harness, their great chariots of gold and silver with their painted parts, all their battle armor, their bows, their arrows, and all their weapons - no doubt those things with which they came to fight against my majesty. And now they brought them as a tribute to my majesty, while they stood on their walls, glorifying my majesty, that the breath of life might be bestowed upon them.
Then my majesty made them take an oath and say: “Never again in our lives will we do evil against Menkheperre [the throne name of Thutmose III] - may he live forever - our master, for we have seen his power. Let him only give us breath according to his desire…”
Then my majesty gave them the way to their cities, and they departed, all of them, on donkeys. For I have taken their horses, and I have taken their inhabitants into Egypt, and also their property.”
So, the booty captured during the first attack under the walls of the city increased many times after the siege. 2041 horses, 191 foals, 924 chariots were obtained, 892 of which were of ordinary quality, while the rest were richly decorated with gold and silver, as described above, as well as many useful weapons. The royal palace at Megiddo was sacked, the booty included not only 87 children of the ruler himself and allied lords, but also 1796 men and women of lower rank, as well as other people, and a large amount of expensive household utensils, including jugs of gold and other vessels, objects furniture, statues, and other things too numerous to mention. Among the animals that fell into the hands of the Egyptians, in addition to the horses already mentioned, were 1,929 bulls, 2,000 flocks, and 20,500 other animals. Moreover, all the crops in the fields around the city were harvested by the besiegers, and, in order to prevent them from being stolen by individual soldiers, were carefully measured and transported by sea to Egypt.
With the capture of Megiddo, the pharaoh again defeated all of Northern Palestine with one blow, the remaining rulers of Syria hastened to show their loyalty by sending gifts to the conqueror. Even the king of Assyria sent his part of the “tribute” from his distant residence on the Tigris, consisting of large pieces of lapis lazuli and several expensive Assyrian vessels. The defeated rulers were forced to hand over the hostages who were sent to Egypt, and there is no doubt that many daughters of the Syrian kings were sent to the pharaoh's harem. As an eternal reminder of this great victory, Thutmose ordered that three lists of conquered cities be carved in the great temple at Karnak. Each of them is represented by an oval in which its name is written in hieroglyphs, and topped with a bust of a man with his hands tied behind his back. This man, with a large hooked nose, prominent cheekbones and a pointed beard, clearly personified the Syrian. In one of the accompanying scenes, the pharaoh is depicted as the conqueror of Asia wearing the crown of Lower Egypt, holding by the hair several kneeling Asiatics, whom he beats with a mace, while the goddess Thebes approaches him from the right, leading the various captured Syrian cities tied with a rope to present their king.
Despite the great victory that Thutmose III won at the battle before the gates of Megiddo in the Valley of Ezdralon, his ultimate goal is the conquest of Syria as far as the banks of the Euphrates in the middle reaches and the mountains of Taurus and Amanos, where rich and powerful trading cities put up stiff resistance in order to maintain their freedom. , has not been achieved. Wardzhet, which was defended by an army from neighboring Tunip, was captured, and Ardata was plundered and destroyed. Here, Egyptian soldiers feasted in rich houses and drank in the wine cellars of local residents. They drank every day and were "anointed with oil, as at feasts in Egypt." In order to leave the city in complete submission and impotence, the king ordered the destruction of all crops, vineyards and fruit trees in the surrounding area, thus putting an end to the main source of income for the population. While the army of the pharaoh was returning to Egypt by land, two trophy ships were transporting the booty captured during the campaign. However, Ardata, despite all the punishments, was not crushed. Therefore, the pharaoh considered it necessary for the next year - the thirtieth year of his reign - again to go on a campaign against the recalcitrant city, which he captured and sacked for the second time. The population, more amazed than the previous time, decided to recognize the authority of the Egyptian king and regularly pay the required tribute. The fate of Ardata was shared by Simir and Kadesh.
On the coast of Palestine a little further south, the port city of Joppa - modern Jaffa - also does not seem to have surrendered to the Egyptians without resistance. It was besieged and, according to the later Egyptian legend, finally captured only by stratagem. When the Egyptian commander Djehuti encamped at the walls of Jaffa, he came up with some method to persuade the ruler of the city to visit him.
Having accepted the invitation, the prince, accompanied by a detachment of soldiers, appeared in the camp of foreigners. They were well treated, their horses fed well, and after a while the guests lay drunk on the ground. Meanwhile, the ruler of Jaffa was sitting and talking with the commander of Djehuti. Finally, he expressed a desire to see "the great war mace of King Thutmose III", which was in Djehuti. The latter ordered to bring it, took it by the shaft and unexpectedly stabbed the “enemy from Jaffa” in the temple, who, having lost consciousness, fell to the floor and was quickly tied with a rope. After the leader of the enemy had been eliminated in this way, two hundred baskets were brought, and two hundred Egyptian warriors with ropes and wooden blocks hid in them. Djehuti then sent a letter to the charioteer of the prince of Jaffa, who was probably waiting outside, knowing nothing of what had happened to his countrymen and his lord, telling him to return to the city to announce to the wife of the prince of Jaffa that her husband had captured the commander of the Egyptians and was on his way home with booty. Of course, the long procession was indeed approaching the city: baskets loaded with "loot" and accompanied by five hundred "captives" passed through the city gates. As soon as they were all inside, the “captives” released their comrades from the baskets and instantly defeated the garrison. The fortress was taken. That night, Djehuti sent a message to Pharaoh in Egypt announcing his success: “Rejoice! Your good father Amon gave you the enemy from Jaffa, all his people and his city. Send people to take them away as captives, so that you can fill the house of your father Amon-Ra, the king of the gods, with slaves and slaves who will be defeated under your feet forever and ever. However legendary the details of this story, the Egyptian version of the Trojan horse story, may be, the authenticity of the main part concerning the fact that Jaffa was captured by cunning is almost beyond doubt. The hero Dzhehuti is a very real historical figure. He bore titles which indicate that he was some kind of governor of Syria who accompanied the king abroad and remained in control of the conquered territories. Several items survive from his tomb, including two remarkable bowls, a fine dagger, and several wonderful alabaster oil vessels.
Much stronger was the opposition that Thutmose III had to face in northern Syria, especially from Kadesh, a city on the banks of the Orontes, whose prince led a major uprising against Egypt in the twenty-second year of his reign, and from the distant land of Mitanni. The first attack on Kadesh took place in the thirtieth year, when the city was captured and sacked, "its groves are devastated, and its grain is harvested." However, Kadesh quickly recovered from the defeat. The fortifications destroyed by the Egyptians were rebuilt and measures were taken to prevent a new attack. Then Thutmose realized that before starting the new campaigns that he planned, serious preparation was needed. It was carried out during the seventh campaign, which took place in the thirty-first year of the king's reign, when he captured Ullaza on the Phoenician coast and set up storerooms with many supplies in "each port city", which he achieved. Two years later, he was ready to go on his biggest campaign. Having crossed the Orontes near Homs, the pharaoh captured Qatna. In the next battle at Aleppo, he was joined by the commander Amenemheb, who arrived in southern Palestine to crush the uprising in the Negeb. From Aleppo, the path lay to the northeast towards Karchemish, who quickly surrendered. Then, in boats built from coniferous trees (“cedars”) in the mountains beyond Byblos and delivered to the Euphrates on carts pulled by oxen, Thutmose ferried his army across a large river for his ultimate goal - the conquest of Naharin. Another great victory was won, but the king of Mitanni took most of his soldiers to one of the distant provinces, leaving the Egyptians with only 636 captives. Thutmose completely devastated the unfortunate state of Mitanni, and then, erecting his victory stele on the east bank next to the stele of his father, he crossed the Euphrates again and turned southeast, having won several more victories on the way home. Sinjar was taken, and finally, three years after the first capture, Thutmose again lined up his horses and chariots under the walls of Kadesh. Still wounded by the memory of the previous defeat, the ruler of the city came up with an original military stratagem. He released Egyptian war chariots in front of the formation, each of which was harnessed to a pair of stallions, a mare. The horses immediately became worried, the whole row trembled and was ready to mix up the battle formation. At this tense moment, the valiant Amenemheb jumped down from his chariot and rushed forward to stop the galloping mare. With a deft blow of the sword, he "cut her stomach, chopped off her tail and threw it before the king," while the army expressed their admiration with noisy cries. The ruse failed, but the ruler of Kadesh remained safe inside his restored fortress, not thinking of surrendering. Thutmose ordered the brave Amenemheb to conquer the city. The warlord, with a few select units, succeeded in trying to make a hole in the wall. In his surviving tomb in Thebes, he writes that he was the first Egyptian to penetrate the wall of Kadesh. So, the attackers broke into the city and occupied the citadel. Rich booty fell into their hands. After other successes in the Tahsi region near Kadesh, Thutmose turned north again and led his troops to Niya, where he erected another commemorative stele.
When the pharaoh was in this area with his army, he was informed of a herd of elephants that were feeding and basking in the mountain lakes of Nii. To distract from the military routine, a big hunt, and the king met a herd of one hundred and twenty animals. During this hunt, Thutmose almost had a misfortune. One angry animal pounced on him and, undoubtedly, would have killed him if the brave Amenemheb had not rushed to the aid of the pharaoh and cut off the elephant's trunk with a sword, "standing in the water between two rocks."
This victorious campaign made a deep impression on the peoples of Northern Syria. Many gifts were sent to the pharaoh from all sides, including rich offerings from Babylonia and the country of the Hittites, a huge amount of which was transported to Egypt as a tribute on ships specially built for this purpose in one of the captured ports of Lebanon.
While Thutmose III waged wars in Western Asia for several decades and pushed the northern border of Egypt to the Euphrates, his annals indicate that two expeditions up the Nile were enough for him to establish the southern border at Napata. He built a small temple at Gebel Barkal, and in the forty-seventh year of his reign set up in it a huge stele of gray granite, to impress his Nubian subjects with all the prowess and strength of their Egyptian master. Three years later, the king cleared the canal blocked by stones in the area of the first threshold and ordered that local fishermen constantly take care of it. On the seventh pylon of the Karnak temple, as an analogue to the lists of Palestinian cities that he conquered during the campaign against Megiddo, Thutmose made a similar "list of the southern countries and Nubian peoples whom his majesty conquered."
However, most of them came under the rule of Egypt even earlier, and some never belonged to the Egyptian Empire. However, even if this list, like the others, should not be fully trusted, there can be no doubt that Thutmose III actually extended his power over a mighty empire, "as his father Amon told him to." In the name of the Theban king of the gods, the pharaoh went to war, under his protection he killed despicable enemies, and, finally, the lion's share of the booty that was brought to Egypt from the conquered lands was intended for his temple.
To express the deep gratitude that the king had for Amun (see inset photo 12), the priests of Karnak composed a wonderful poem about the victory, in which the returning king was greeted and praised by his divine protector.
Come to me, rejoicing that you see my beauty, O my son, my protector, Thutmose ...
I gave you courage and victory over all countries;
I placed your power and fear of you in all the lands,
And the horror before you is up to the four pillars of the sky ...
The rulers of all countries are clamped in your hand -
I stretch out my hands to bind them for you;
I bind the Nubian nomads in tens of thousands and thousands,
A northern peoples hundreds of thousands.
I throw your enemies under your sandals, and you destroy the recalcitrant,
For I gave you the land from end to end,
Western people and inhabitants of the East are under your rule.
You trample on all foreign countries with a joyful heart,
and no one dares to approach you;
Because I am your leader and you overtake them.
You have crossed the waters of the Great Bend of Naharin in victory and the power I have given you.
They hear your battle cry and crawl into their holes;
I have deprived their nostrils of the breath of life; I let the horror of your majesty fill their hearts.
Uraeus on your head, he burns them; he destroys with his flame the inhabitants of the distant plains;
He cuts off the heads of the Asians, and none of them escapes.
I give that your victories penetrate into all countries;
That which illuminates my uraeus is subject to you.
No one rises up against you under heaven;
They come with gifts on their backs, bowing to your majesty, as I commanded.
I give a mouth to every attacker that comes close to you:
Their hearts burn and their bodies tremble.
I have come to let you defeat the rulers of Jahi;
I scattered them under your feet in their lands.
I let them see your majesty as the lord of rays: you
you shine before them in my form.
I have come to let you defeat the inhabitants of Asia;
And you crush the heads of the Asians to Rechen.
I let them see your majesty wearing your armor,
When you take up arms in a war chariot.
I have come to let you conquer the East;
And you trample on the inhabitants of the Land of God.
I let them see your majesty as a comet
That spills its flame and spreads its tail.
I have come to let you conquer the West;
Keftiu and Isi are subject to your authority.
I let them see your majesty as a young bull,
Strong in heart and sharp in horns, completely out of reach.
I have come to let you defeat those who live on
their distant plains:
The lands of Mitanni tremble in fear of you.
I let them see your majesty as a crocodile,
The lord of terror in the water, no one comes close to him.
I have come to give you the power to bring down the people of the islands;
Those who live in the middle of the sea bow to you
battle cry.
I let them see your majesty as an avenger
Crowned in glory on the back of his sacrifice.
I have come to let you defeat the Libyans;
The Ucentiu yielded to your might.
I let them see your majesty as a furious lion:
You turn them into corpses in their valleys.
I have come to let you conquer the limit of the world;
What surrounds the sea is clutched in your hand.
I let them see your majesty as a soaring falcon
Who grabs what he sees at his will.
I have come to let you defeat those who live at the top of the world;
You take the inhabitants of the sands captive.
I let them see your majesty as the jackal of the top
Egypt, swift,
A runner who roams both lands.
I have come to let you defeat the Nubians;
Everything is in your hand until Shatiu-jab.
I let them see your majesty as your two brothers [Horus and Seth],
Whose hands I joined with your [hand] in victory.
This hymn, which was exemplary in form and style, and whose structure is easily discernible even in translation, became extremely popular, and later it was often copied and used to glorify other pharaohs.
In the thirtieth year of his reign, Thutmose was able for the first time to celebrate his thirty-year anniversary from the day he was named heir to the throne. Since from ancient times it was customary to repeat this jubilee every three or four years after the first celebration, during the remaining twenty-three years that were measured to him by fate, he enjoyed so many of these celebrations that was very unusual for an Eastern ruler. According to ancient tradition, the celebration of these anniversaries, heb-sedov, was marked by the erection of obelisks. Four of these wonderful monuments of Thutmose III have come down to us: two that were once erected in Thebes, and a couple that were originally erected in front of the temple of Ra at Heliopolis. By an amazing irony of fate, none of them remained in their ancient place. Some of them are still in antiquity, while others have already been transported to completely different places in modern times. One of the Theban obelisks, by order of Emperor Constantine the Great, was sent to Byzantium, the eastern capital of the Roman Empire, which was renamed Constantinople in his honor. Emperor Theodosius ordered to install it at the Hippodrome, where it is still located, but this happened no earlier than 390. The second Theban obelisk, 32 meters high, to which Thutmose IV added an inscription during his reign, was taken to Rome and installed in the Circus Maximus around 363. However, for some reason, it fell and lay for centuries under piles of ruins, until Pope Paul V dug it up in 1588 and installed it on a new foundation in front of the grandiose building of the Basilica of St. John on the Lateran Hill. Even more remarkable are the wanderings of the two Heliopolis obelisks. By order of the prefect Barbara, in the eighth year of the reign of Augustus in Egypt (23 BC), they were taken to the Egyptian capital - Alexandria, so that they could be installed in front of the Caesareum in the new suburb of Nicopolis. These obelisks are the famous "needles of Cleopatra", as they were named after the great queen of the Arabs. However, both of them were destined for further wanderings. Subsequently, one of them, about 21 meters high, which had been lying on the ground for more than a thousand years, was donated to the British government by Muhammad Ali and, at the expense of a private person, a resident of London, was taken away in 1877 to be installed on the Thames embankment, where it is still located, practically destroyed by smog and soot. The second Heliopolis obelisk was brought to New York in 1880 as a gift to the United States government from the Egyptians. It has now become one of the most famous landmarks in Central Park. So, in four modern cities of the Old and New Worlds, these four colossal red granite obelisks extol the glory of the ancient “conqueror of the world” Thutmose III and fulfill the wish of the greatest of the pharaohs that “his name could remain in the future forever and ever”, much better than he expected.
If, according to the Egyptian point of view, the virtue of the ruler is mainly manifested in his service to the gods and in the temples that he builds for them, then Thutmose III is without a doubt one of the best pharaohs. From the booty obtained in the course of his wars, he made rich gifts to various priesthoods, and in Egypt there is hardly a single Big City where there are no traces of its active construction. Unfortunately, few temples have survived to this day that owe their existence to him, with the exception of those that the pharaoh built in Thebes (we will return to them later).
Almost at the very end of his reign, Thutmose III appointed his only son Amenhotep, who was born by his second wife, the "great royal wife" Hatshepsut-Meritra, as co-ruler. However, father and son did not share the throne for long, for on the last day of the seventh month of the fifty-fourth year of the reign, Thutmose III “ended his time; he flew up into the sky, united with the sun and merged with the one who created him. He was about sixty-five. Even in the fiftieth year of his reign, he conducted his last campaign in Nubia, and shortly before his death, together with his son and co-ruler Amenhotep, he participated in the review of the army.
Thutmose III built himself a large rock tomb as his final resting place in the secluded Valley of the Kings, where his father was buried, and Hatshepsut carved her own tomb. It begins with an inclined corridor more than 19.8 meters long, which leads from the entrance to a huge shaft with sides of approximately 3.7 by 4.6 meters and a depth of 4.6 to 6 meters. On the other side of the shaft is a huge hall with two square columns, the walls of which are decorated with nothing less than 741 images of Egyptian deities. In the far corner of this hall in the floor is the entrance to the second corridor, which is a staircase with low steps and descends into the main hall of the tomb. The ceiling of this room is also supported by two rectangular columns. Its walls are covered with images and hieroglyphic inscriptions, all done on a yellowish-gray background with black and red paint in a "cursive" style. As a result, it seems that the walls of the entire chamber are covered with a huge papyrus. The viewer discovers here, unfolded and undamaged, a copy of one of the most famous and most valuable books of his time - "The Book of the Afterlife". It is a kind of guidebook, the knowledge of which was necessary for the king if he wanted to successfully make a night journey through the underworld together with the sun god Ra. In this hall, on an alabaster base, stood a yellow quartzite sarcophagus, which once contained a wooden coffin with the king's mummy. However, Thutmose III, like some of his ancestors, was not destined to rest forever in the place he chose. Approximately five hundred years after his death, stubborn robbers entered his underground burial chambers, who not only opened the stone sarcophagus and robbed the mummy, but also tore the body into three parts. It was found in such a state by the guards of the necropolis, who again carefully wrapped it in the original bandages and fabrics and transported it to the “royal hiding place”, where it, along with other royal mummies, was discovered in 1881. Currently, the coffin and mummy of the king are kept in Cairo.
There is no doubt that Thutmose III was one of the most significant personalities who ever occupied the throne of the pharaohs. If any Egyptian ruler deserves the honor of being called “The Great,” then Thutmose is a more suitable candidate than all the rest, and certainly more than the later Ramesses II, to whom this epithet has been unfairly assigned by some modern historians studying ancient Egypt. The Egyptians were fully aware of his greatness and "how much the gods loved him." For centuries, his throne name, Menkheperre, has been considered a powerful spell for good luck and has been written on countless amulets to protect their wearers from misfortune. The deeds of the king who founded the Egyptian world empire were preserved in the memory of the people and were embellished with many legendary details. Only his name was forgotten. When the nephew of the Roman emperor Tiberius Germanicus in 19 AD. e. visited Thebes and wandered through the vast territory of Karnak, then he persuaded one of the priests to explain what is written in long inscriptions on the walls, which to this day have retained almost the only record of the military exploits of Thutmose III. The helpful priest, accordingly, told him how the king with a seven hundred thousandth army defeated Libya and Ethiopia, the Medes and Persians, Bactrians and Scythians, Cappadocia, Bithynia and Lycia, that is, almost all of Asia Minor. He also read what kind of tribute all these peoples were charged, about the measures of gold and silver, the multitude of chariots and horses, ivory, grain and all other items that each of these peoples had to deliver - everything that the annals of Thutmose III really describe . However, when the priest was asked who had achieved all this glory, he named not Thutmose III, but Ramesses - the very Ramesses whom the modern dragoman is still accustomed to call every time he tells a tourist who has opened his mouth about the amazing wonders of the ancient monument.
From the book The Shortest History of Europe. The most complete and most quick reference by Hurst JohnChapter Three Conquests and Conquerors The Germanic invasion of the Roman Empire was the first of three great waves of conquest. Following the Germans came the Arabs from the south, and then the Vikings from the north. After several turbulent centuries, the situation in Europe stabilized, after
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From the book Egyptian Temples. Dwellings of the mysterious gods author Murray Margaretofficials
Question: Think about what qualities an official in Egypt should have? What is your opinion on such advice? Can they be relevant today? (A person must be able to curry favor, please his master, be patient, and then he will be noticed, promoted, and this is enrichment ...)
historical source
“These are the tips given in Egypt to novice officials: “If you are sitting at the table of someone who is higher in position than you, then take it when they give you what lies in front of you. Do not look at what lies before him, just as he does not look at what lies before you. Lower your face when he greets you. Laugh when he laughs. It pleases his heart. Rot your back to the boss. And then there will be wealth in your house. Do not sit if someone who is older than you or higher in position is standing in front of you.
Problem. Why did the pharaohs make military campaigns?
Teacher: Around 1500 BC Egypt was ruled by Thutmose III. He became famous for having made the largest conquest campaigns. Under him, the Egyptian kingdom became so strong that it was not threatened by any neighboring state.
Exercise: Read paragraph 1 § 9, p. 43, 1 par.
Question:
What was the purpose of the pharaoh's army?
Who was the army?
The development of what craft made it possible to create a well-armed army?
Armament of the Egyptian army.
Teacher: The pharaoh's warriors were armed with bows, others with long spears, battle axes and daggers. Spearheads were made of bronze (9/10 copper + 1/10 tin). This alloy was stronger than copper. The infantrymen had a light shield. The real threat to the enemy was the Egyptian cavalry.
Teacher:
The army consisted of infantry and chariots. Experienced commanders taught soldiers to march and run in ranks, to shoot from a bow. The lazy ones were beaten mercilessly. 500 years before the reign of Thutmose III, horses brought from Asia began to be bred in Egypt. This made it possible to create a chariot army. The chariots and harness belonged to the noble and wealthy Egyptians. The war chariot was a small two-wheeled cart, light and mobile. It was usually harnessed to two horses. The noble and wealthy Egyptians were charioteers: they were given horses in the royal stables, but they bought chariots, harness, bronze shells themselves. In battle, the chariots made a breakthrough, brought disorder into the ranks of the enemy, and destroyed his manpower. The charioteer drove the horses, and the owner of the chariot fired from the bow. And although one of them belonged to the nobility, and the other was a simple warrior, they were connected by a common fate. They understood each other perfectly; both his own life and the life of the owner of the chariot depended on the quickness of the charioteer, his ability to drive horses.
At the head of the army was the supreme ruler of the country - the pharaoh. In all the most important battles, he personally commanded the army. Flattering and obsequious nobles attributed all military victories to the pharaoh. “Oh, if it weren’t for his Majesty,” they said, “long live he, long live, let him be prosperous! “We would never defeat an enemy army.”
Question: What conclusions can be drawn from this?
Historical source:
The campaign of Thutmose III on Megiddo is famous.
The cities of Palestine, Phoenicia and Sirin, subject to Egypt, refused to pay tribute and entered into a military alliance between themselves. The ruler of Egypt, Pharaoh Thutmose III, having overcome the Sinai desert, invaded Asia with an army. Mountains blocked the further way for his detachments. At the military council, the nobles warned the king: “Behind the steep ridge is the fortress of Megiddo. Different roads lead to it: the straight line through the mountains is narrow. And the enemy will not wait until the whole army comes out of the gorges - he will impose a battle on us. Let the detour be longer, but safer. Thutmose, however, took the risk: “By the love of my father, the god Amon-Ra, I like the shortest path. I myself will stand in front of the warriors. May we crush the enemy with a surprise attack!
A narrow path hung over the abyss. “His Majesty walked at the head of the army, showing with his steps the path to every person. And the horse followed the horse,” says an ancient Egyptian chronicle carved on stone. The army moved so quickly and in an organized manner that the enemies did not have time to stop it. When leaving the gorge, the Egyptians set up camp for the night. Only the guards did not sleep, who were punished: “Be courageous, courageous! Be vigilant, vigilant!"
In the morning, the Egyptians saw the mighty walls of Megiddo sparkling in the sun, the lower part of which was made of stone blocks, and the upper part of mud bricks. A little later, the main forces of the enemy, advancing on the camp, became visible. The battle was started by Egyptian archers. In peacetime, they were farmers, but at the will of the pharaoh they changed hoes and sickles to bows and quivers full of deadly arrows.
Having emptied their quivers, the archers parted. Chariots rushed towards the enemy like an avalanche... Thutmose III himself led the troops of the Egyptians. Deprived of a single command, the heterogeneous detachments of enemies turned "They fled headlong to Megiddo, leaving their horses and their golden and silver chariots," the chronicle says.
The gates of the fortress opened wide. Here the Egyptians would break in after the retreating! But the army no longer obeyed Thutmose. Charioteers, archers and spearmen thought only of robbery. They tore off the clothes of the dead and wounded, silver-rimmed belts... The general robbery continued for a long time, time was lost. The gates of Megiddo slammed shut. And then Thutmose ordered to knit ladders and go to the assault. "My victorious warriors! he said. “The pitiful kings of hostile countries are locked in the fortress: to seize Megiddo means to take a thousand cities!” The defenders bombarded the besieged with arrows, stones, spears. The attack was repulsed with heavy losses for the Egyptians. Enraged Thutmose ordered to cut down all the gardens in the district; The fortress was surrounded by a rampart and a barrier of felled trees. No one could enter the city.
Months passed. The forces of the besieged were fading. Diseases began in the overcrowded city, there was not enough food. Finally, hunger forced the defenders of Megiddo to surrender. “The kings of foreign countries crawled on their stomachs to ask for breath for their noses,” the chronicler reports.
Woe has entered Megiddo. Warriors greedy for prey scattered along its streets. Pharaoh personally supervised the division of the loot.
The capture of Megiddo opened the way for further conquests. Thutmose III made 17 predatory campaigns. The dominions of his kingdom extended to the Euphrates River in the north and the fourth Nile threshold in the south.
Question: What territories did the pharaohs of Egypt go to? (Nubia, Libya, Sinai Peninsula, Palestine, Syria, Phoenicia.)
Notebook entry:
1) The conquests of the Egyptians: Nubia, Libya, the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine, Syria, Phoenicia.
Teacher: He made the largest conquests around 1500 BC. e. pharaoh Thutmose III.
Historical source:
From the chronicle of Thutmose III, carved on the walls of the temple of Ammon-Ra in Thebes.
His majesty set off in a golden chariot adorned with his weapons of war. And the enemies saw that his majesty would overcome them, and they fled headlong to Megiddo with faces full of fear. They left their horses and their golden and silver chariots, and they were dragged into this city with the help of clothes. And so, if the army of his majesty had not had the intention of plundering the property of the enemies, they would have taken possession of Megiddo at that moment.
Then their horses and golden and silver chariots were captured. Their warriors lay prostrate on their backs like fish, and the victorious army of His Majesty considered their property. And the whole army rejoiced, giving glory to Amon for the victory he had given to his son on that day. They gave praise to his majesty, extolling his victories. And they delivered the booty they had taken: 340 captives, 83 hands (the Egyptians chopped off the hands of the killed enemies as a sign of valor), 2041 horses, 191 foals, 6 stallions ... young horses, 1 chariot trimmed with gold, 897 chariots of his miserable army, 200 armor of his miserable army, 502 bows, as well as 387 heads (of some kind of cattle), 1929 bulls, 2000 goats and 20,500 sheep, 1796 slaves and slaves, bowls of precious stone and gold.
Questions to the historical document:
For what purpose did the pharaohs make their military campaigns in other countries?
What did the Egyptian warriors capture as booty in such campaigns?
To whom did the warriors of Egypt give praise? (To his pharaoh.)
To whom did they bring the loot? (To his pharaoh.)
How did the pharaoh distribute the loot? (He and the nobles got almost everything, and ordinary warriors got nothing.)
What was the nature of the wars? (Predatory, unfair.)
Consolidation of the studied material
On the dusty roads of Asia, huge herds of sheep, cows, bulls, horses are driven to Egypt, they carry looted gold, bronze, fabrics, expensive ebony. But the main prey is a lot of captives. Why were prisoners considered the main booty in war? (The captives became slaves, that is, they completely belonged to the owner. They could work, create something, enrich the owner, while they did not need to pay.)
twenty two years pharaoh Thutmose III did not live in Egypt, which he was supposed to rule. Queen Hatshepsut, his stepmother, seized power as early as 1525 BC. BC, when she was declared co-ruler of Thutmose II, father of Thutmose III. Thutmose II was the husband of this strong-willed woman, a good organizer.
She ruled Egypt calmly, peacefully. Equipped trade - sea and land - expeditions to different countries, built rich temples. The queen died in 1503 BC. e. And in this year, Thutmose III, now the sovereign ruler, gathered a strong army, which, according to experts, could reach up to 20 thousand people, and went to Syria. The tasks before Thutmose III were complex: both purely military and everyday. Egypt has not been at war for more than twenty years. During this time, the old warriors became decrepit, the young ones were inexperienced, unfired, although they were diligently preparing for the campaign. But the enemies, the Syrians and the Palestinians, did not sit idly by. They created an anti-Egyptian coalition, pulled up troops to Megiddo, an important strategic point, a powerful fortress at that time. In the battle of Megiddo, Thutmose III led the army twice, risking his life. He did not have a pyramid, but only an underground tomb. For 19 years, Thutmose III made 17 successful campaigns, captured hundreds of cities, Palestine, Syria. It was the greatest commander.
| "■■1 |
Answer the questions:
What were the consequences of military campaigns?
What were the results of these campaigns for farmers? What could happen to the peasant economy during the absence of the owner?
Why did the wars gradually lead to the weakening of the Egyptian kingdom?
How has the composition of the army changed?
Pharaoh Thutmose III
Thutmose III was proclaimed pharaoh at one of the holidays in honor of Amon. This was done by the oracle of Amon, allegedly by the will of God. There were no other male contenders for the throne.
During her reign, Hatshepsut paid special attention to the development of trade and the improvement of government. Having become the ruler, Thutmose III extended the power of Egypt to Asia Minor, to the borders of modern Turkey. He made 17 military campaigns and turned Egypt into a great military power. Thutmose III, who was called the Great Warrior, ruled for 52 years.
The statues of Thutmose III depict a muscular man with a beautiful, imperturbable face, but, having unfolded his mummy, the Egyptologist Gaston Maspero, instead of an idealized standard, saw a face with an abnormally low forehead, deep-set eyes, a heavy jaw, thick lips and unusually wide cheekbones. Today this mummy is exhibited in the Cairo Museum.
From the book 100 great heroes author Shishov Alexey VasilievichTUTMOS III (1525-1473 BC) Egyptian pharaoh-commander of the 18th dynasty. One may ask whether among the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt there were real, crowned heroes, whose exploits and fearlessness on the battlefield were admired by Egyptian warriors? When about military prowess (not
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From book The World History. Volume 2. Bronze Age author Badak Alexander NikolaevichThutmose III and the Wars of Conquest Around 1500 B.C. e. the young son of Thutmose II from one of his wives, Thutmose III, was proclaimed co-ruler. Apparently, this was due to the illness of the pharaoh, since shortly after the proclamation of Thutmose III, his father dies. However, immediately after his death
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