lBNRBOYS ABOUT BBRDE

NYT HCE BLPOYUIMUS, IPFS CH FH BYNH 1939/40 ZPDB ChPKOB DMS NEOS EEE OE OBYUBMBUSH. with OE RTJOYNBM HYBUFYS CH rPMSHULPK LBNRBOJ. 3-K LBCHBMETYKULYK RPML, LPFPTSCHN S LPNBODPCHBM CH NYTOPE CHTENS, TBVTPUBMY RP TBOBOSCHN YUBUFSN. ъBFEN NOPA VSCM UZHPTNYTPCHBO OPCHSHCHK, 22-K LBCHBMETYKULYK RPML, RETED LPFPTSCHN UFPSMB BDBYUB KHUYMYFSH EDYOUFCHEOOHA UHEEUFCHHAEKHA LBCHBMETYKULHA DYCHYYA. oEUULPMSHLP OEDEMSH URHUFS S UFBM RTEENOYLPN LPNBOYTB NPEK VTYZBDSH ZOEETTBMB ZHPO chBMShDEOZHEMSHUB, ULPOYUBCHYEZPUS H TBKPOE UPUTEDPFPYUEOYS OBYI YUBUFEK CHVMYY ZPMMBODULPK ZTBOYGSCH.

s PFMYUOP RPPOINBM, UFP Ch UPCTENEOOOPK CHPKOE LBCHBMETYS BOBITPOYIN, OP, FEN OE NEOEE, PUFBCHBMUS CHETOSHCHN FFPNKh TPDH ChPKUL U FEI UBNSCHI RPT, LBL OBYUBM CH OEN UMHTsVKh RPUME retchpk NYTPCH PC CHPKOSHCH. CHUE FFP OBRPNYOBMP TSYOSH ABOUT PUFTPCHE. hCHEMYYUEOYE YUYUMEOOPUFY BTNY OBYUBMPUSH RTY TETSYNE OBGIPOBM-UPGYBMYUFCH, B UFTHLFHTOSHCHE YЪNEOEOYS CH CHETNBIFE CHUFHRIMY CH UIMH 30 YAOS 1934 ZPDB. OP FP HCHEMYYUEOYE OE TBURTPUFTBOSMPUSH ABOUT LBCHBMETYA, LPFPTPK HDBMPUSH UPITBOYFSH UCHPYI UREGIBMSHOP RPDZPPFPCHMEOOOSCHI PZHYGETCH, OBVTBOOSCHI CH PUOPCHOPN YU UVBTPZP RTHUULPZP PZHY GETULPZP LPTRHUB. rPULPMSHLKh UBN S TPDPN yj ATsOPZP vBDEOB, X NEOSOE VSMP FTBDYGYPOOSCHI UFYNY RTKHUUBLBNY. th Chuye Tsepoy Noe OTBCHYMYUSH, ChPNPTSOP, RPFPNKh, UFP CH OSHCHEYOYI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI OE RTEDUFBCHMSMY LBLPK-FP TEBMSHOPC UIMSHCH, FBL LBL RTHUULBS IDES CH ZETNBOY SCHOOP LBRYFH MYTPCHBMB RETED OBGIPOBM-UPGIBMYINPN.

fBL RPMKHYUMPUSH, UFP EEE OEULPMSHLP VEEPVMBYUOSCHI NEUSGECH FFK UHTPPK Y UETSOPK ЪINSCH WITH RPTCHEM UTEDY UCHPYI NMBDYYI FPCHBTYEEK. zhBLFYUEULY NSC CHUE EEE RTEVSCCHBMY CH UPUFPSOYY NYTB CH FYYI UEMSHULYI DPNYLBI CH TBKPOE ATsOPZP pMShDEOVKhTZB Y CHEUFZHBMYY. NPK DEOEIL, RP ZHBNYMYY JEKTYFBL, VSCHM UMBCHOSCHN NBMSCHN. URPLPKOSHCHK UCHEFMPCHPMPUSHK RBTEOSH, RPDOIK TEVEOPL UEMSHULPZP TSYFEMS YJ zBTGB, PO OBIPDYMUS RTY NOY U ZEFFYOZEOULYI DOEK. ON VSCHM RTEDBO NPEK WENSHE Y CHUEZDB HLTBYBM GCHEFBNY ​​ZHPFPZTBZHYA r. UTEDY DTHZYI DEOEYLCH ON NBMP YUEN CHSHDEMSMUS, RPULPMSHLH VSCHM FYIYN Y ULTPNIGHT. OE UFTENYMUS L PVEEOIA Y RPRHMSTOPUFY, Y NEOS LFP CHRPMOE HUFTBYCHBMP. rPULPMSHLH DEM X OEZP VSCHMP OENOPPZP, PO PVSCHYUOP YUBUBNY YUYFBM VYVMYA YMY LEAVES CH RTPUFTBGYY RETED PLOPN.

CHUE OBI PZHYGETSCH, LBL Y CH NYTOPE CHTENS, YNEMY UCHPYI MPYBDEK. x NEOS VSHMP FTY UFTPECHSCHI LPOS, UTEDOECHEUB, Y RPDDETSBOYE YI CH OHTSOPK LPODYGYY VSCMP DMS NEOS PDOCHTENEOOP YUFPYUOILPN TBDPUFY Y ЪDPTPCHSHS.

CHEMYUSH CHPEOOSH RTYZPPFCHMEOYS DMS RPLB OEPRTEDEMEOOOPK, CHETPSFOPK LBNRBOY ABOUT BRBD. rTPCHPDYMYUSH FBLFYUEULYE HYUEOYS, CHTENS LPFPTSCHI CH DEFBMSI PFTBVBFSHCHBMUS NBTY CH ZPMMBODYA.

RP CHPULTUEOSHSN NSC UPCHETYBMY LPTPFLIE LLULKHTUY L VMYTSBKYENKH HYBUFLH ZTBOYGSC H UFTYOE Y PVPTECHBMY LFY NEUFB U OELPFPTSCHN MAVPRSCHFUFCHPN, UMPCHOP FBN EEE VSCHMY PLPRSHCH, LBL PE READING RPYGIPOOSCHI VPEC rETCHPK NYTPCHPK CHPKOSHCH. CHEUOB KHUSCHRBMB UFTPKOSHCHE TSDSCH VPSTCHIOILB CEMFSCHNY GCHEFBNY, HLTBUYCHYNY LPMAYUYE YZPTPDY. PDOB DCHE WOETSCHE NEFEMI RTPCHPDYMY BYNH, Y RPSCHIMPUSH FARMPE UPMOGE.

h UCHPEN LTHZH, FP EUFSH UTEDY DBCHOYYOYI Y OBYVPMEE VMYЪLYI DTHEK-PZHYGETPCH, S Refinery PVUKhTsDBFSH UIFKHBGYA VE CHUSLYI PRBUEOIK, YMY, LBL ZPCHPTYM NPK RTYSFEMSH vBBDE , "CHSCHTBTSBFSH UCHPY CHZMSDSCH". NSC LBL-FP OEPRTEDEMEOOOP TBNSCHYMSMY P RETURELFYCHBI TBCHYFYCHBI TBCHYFIYS UPVSCHFIYK OB BBRBDE, YVP RTY OBYEK YOUFYOLFYCHOPK OERTYSKOY L RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH NSC CH OEZP OE FOURTH, BCHPURP NYOBOYS P rETCHPK NYTPCHPK OBU FTECHPTSYMY. h LBLPC-FP UFEREOY NSCH DPCHETSMY vTBHIYYUKH Y zBMShDETH {2} , RPFPNKh UFP OILFP OE NPZ OBCHBFSH YI OBGYUFBNY. YNES PUOPCHBFEMSHOHA CHPEOOHA RPDZPPFPCHLH, POY NPZMY VPMEE FTEEKCHP UHDYFSH P BRBDOPN RTPFYCHOYLE, YUEN ZYFMET UP UCHPYNY UPCHEFOILBNY. IPFS PZHYGETSLYK LPTRHU LBCHBMETYY RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK OYUFPTSOPE NEOSHYYOUFCHP, EZP RTHUULPE NYTPCHP'TEOYE PFTBTSBMPUSH CH OELPFPTPK UFEREOY ABOUT DTHZYI TPDBI ChPKUL. OP PF UFBTK RTHUULPK UYUFENSCH UPITBOYMPUSH OEYUFP VPMEE CHBTSOPE zeOETBMSHOSHCHK YFBV U EZP FTBDYGYPOOP TEBMYUFYUOPK PGEOLPK RETURELFYCH CHPKOSHCH RTPFYCH ЪBRBDOSCHI DETTSBCH. pVEEOYE UP NOPZYNY PZHYGETBNY CH VETMYOE, ZDE S OEULPMSHLP MEF RTPUMKHTSYM CH CHCHUYEN LPNBODPCHBOY UHIPRHFOSHCHI ChPKUL, RPURPUPVUFCHPCHBMP HLTERMEOYA ChP NOE CHPEOOZP ULERFYGYYNB, LP FPTSCHK S HCE PEKHEBM Y U RPMYFYUEULPK FPYULY TEOYS. s CHURPNYOBA UEKYUBU VEUEDKH U OBYUBMSHOILPN chshchuyezp LPNBODPCHBOYS UHIPRHFOSCHI ChPKUL ZOEETBMPN ZHPO zBNNETYFEKOPN, KHYEDYN CH PFUFBCHLKH CHULPTE RPUME RTYIPDB ZYFMETB L CHMBUFY. ZEOETBM VSHCHM HCHETEO, YuFP OBYB RPMYFYLB RTECHTBFIF OBU PE CHTBZCH BRBDB Y RTYCHEDEF L RPTBTSEOIA.

FERETSCH, LPZDB OBD OBNY OBCHYUMB HZTPYB CHPKOSHCH, S RPOYNBM, UFP MYUOPUFY CHTPDE zBNNETYFEKOB Y WELP {3} VSHCHMY MYYSH OENOPZPYUYUMEOOPK MYFPK CHOHFTY zeOETBMShOPZP YFBVB, IPFS Y BOINBMY FBLIE CHBTSOSCHE DPMTSOPUFY, LBL ZOETBM-LCHBTFYTNEKUFET, OBYUBMSHOIL HRTBCHMEOYS, OP ZEOETBMSHOSHCHK YFBV VSCHM PZTPNIGHT.

h VETMYOE, LBL Y CH RTPCHYOGYY, UHEEUFCHPCHBM YOPK FYR PZHYGETPCH, CHUE NSHCHUMY LPFPTSCHI UCHPDYMYUSH FPMSHLP L CHPEOOSHCHN RTPVMEMBN. yFY MADY OE PVMBDBMY URPUPVOPUFSHHA L CHSHCHUPLPPNKh UFTBFEZYUEULPNKh NSHCHIMEOYA, OE HNEMY NSHCHUMYFSH Y RPMYFYYUEULY. rPUFEREOOP POI RPVETSDBMY YUYUMPN Y CHMYSOYEN, YVP HUFTBYCHBMY RTBCHSEIK TETSIN VPMSHIE, YUEN CHSHCHUPLPPVTBBPHBOOSCHE PZHYGETSCH ZEOYFBVB. fBLYE RPMYFYYUEULY OE PVTBCHBOOSCHE PZHYGETSCH FPTS RTPVYCHBMYUSH CH zeOETBMSHOSHCHK YFBV, plc (CHETIPCHOPE ZMBCHOPLPNBODPCHBOYE CHPPTHTSEOOSHI UIM ZETNBOY) Y pli (chchuye LPNB) ODPCHBOYE UHIPRKHFOSHCHI CHPKUL). oELPFPTSHCHE UCHPYN YUYUFP CHPEOOSHCHN RBFTYPFYJNPN OBRPNYOBMY UMHTSYCHYYEZP DMS OII PVTBGBPN MADEODPTZHB {4} , DTHZYE CE, H PUPVEOOPUFY FE, LFP RPNMBDYE, VSCHMY RTPUFP USHCHOPCHSHSNNY MADEK, LPFPTSHCHE VPMEE YMY NEOEE CHPUFPTTSEOOP RTYOYNBMY OPCHHA CHMBUFSH. h FBLPK UYFHBGYY NOE LBBMPUSH NBMPCHETPFSCHN, YuFP zeoTBMSHOSHCHK YFBV YURPMSHHEF UCHPE CHMYSOYE DMS RTEDPFCCHTBEEOYS OPCHPK NYTPCHPK CHPKOSHCH. th CHUE TSE SOE FETSM OBDETSDSCH.

rPFPNKh S YURSHCHFBM YPL, LPZDB CHEYUETPN 9 NBS 1940 ZPDB RPUFKhRYM UELTEFOSHK RTYLB P CHFPPTTSEOYY CH OEKFTBMSHOHA ZPMMBODYA. NEOS PICHBFYMB LBLBS-FP HUFBMPUFSH, ChTPDE FPK, UFP S YURSCHFSCCHBM RETED BFBLBNY CHTENEOB RETCHPK NYTPCHPK CHPKOSHCH, PEHEEOOYE, UFP NOE MAVPK GEOPK OEVPVIPDYNP CH RPUMEDOYK TBY LBL UMEDHEF CHSCHURBFSHUSS. OBUFHRMEOYEN OPYUY S PFRTBCHYMUS ABOUT LPNBODOSHK RHOLF, TBURPMPTSOOOSCHK ABOUT BTBOEE CHSCVTBOOPK RETEDPPK RPYGYY, U OEZP S DPMTSEO VSCHM HRTBCHMSFSH OBYUBMSHOSHCHNY DEKUFCHYSNNY PUOPCHOSHI U YM UCHPEK LBCHBMETYKULPK DYCHYYY. h FY RPUMEDOYE DTENPFOSHCHE YUBUSCH S YURSCHFSCHCHBM UIMSHOKHA FTECHPZH OYUFP RPIPTSEE ABOUT UFTBI YMYY OBRTSEOIE RETED CHSHIPDPN ABOUT UGEOH, YMIY RETED FTHDOPC ULBYULPK RP RETEUEYEOOPK NEUFOPUF Y, YMY RTY UFPMLOPCHEOYY U OEYCHEUFOPUFSHHA UHDSHVSCH. chetpsfop, fp vshchm rtpufp UFTBI.

at KhFTB 10 NBS UPPVEEOIS U ZHTPOFB PLBBMYUSHOE VPMEE VMBZPRTYSFOSHCHNY, YUEN CH FEYUEOYE RTPYEDYEK OPYUY. x NEOS ULMBDSCHCHBMPUSH CHEYUBFMEOYE, UFP RPMLY PUFBOPCHYMYUSH RETED ZPMMBODULYNY HLTERMEOYSNNY, LPFPTSHCHE, RP OBYN RTEDRPMPTSEOISN, DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY VSHCHFSH UMBVSHCHNY. th S OENEDMEOOP PFRTBCHYMUS CHRETED ABOUT LPNBODOSHCH RHOLFSCH VBFBMSHPOCH Y TPF. pDYO YЪ TPFOSHCHI LPNBODYTPCH RPDFCHETDYM NPY PRBUEOIS. h GERY REIPFSCH S ЪBNEFIYM MEZLYK FBOL YOBYEK DYCHYYYY, CHEDHEYK PZPOSH RP VMYTSBKYENKH ZPMMBODULPNKH VMYODBTSH. rPULPMSHLH RHMENEFSHCH Yb FFPZP VMYODBTsB BUFBCHYMY REIPFYOGECH EBMEYUSH, S HLTSHMUS OB OBYN FBOLPN. EDCHB MY LFP VSCHMP RTBCHYMSHOP, CHEDSH FBOL RTYCHMELBEF PZPOSH RTPFYCHOYLB, OP UMHYUBEFUS DEMBFSH Y FBL. BOYN HLTSHMUS Y NPMPDK MEKFEOBOP ZHPO LЈLETYG. eZP PTDYOBTEG RPCHETOKHMUS LP NOE Y ULBBM: "zPURPDYO MEKFEOBOPH TBOEO, PO PYUEOSH RMPI". with PFCHEFYM: "USHCHOPL, ZPURPDYO MEKFEOBOP HNYTBEF".

h h OEVPMSHYPN ZPMMBODULPN VHOLETE RPDOSMY VEMSHCHK ZHMBZ. GENERAL CHPKULB RTPTCHBMY PVPTPOH Y VSHCHUFTP OBYUBMY RTPDCHYZBFSHUS CHRETED.

NPS VTYZBDB (UPZMBUOP RMBOH) DPMTSOB VSCHMB Y ZBCHBOEK MENNET Y ufBCHETEO ZHPTUITPCHBFSH OBMYCH AKDET-YE {5} Y CHPKFI H UCHETOHA ZPMMBODYA. ULBDTPOBN UMEDPCHBMP RPZTKHJFSHUS ABOUT NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE NEMLIE TSHCHVPMPCHOSCHE UHDB, LPFPTSHCHE DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY VKHLUYTPCHBFSH VPMEE LTHROSCHE. ABOUT RPUMEDOYI HUFBOBCHMYCHBMYUSH RPMECHSHCHE PTHDYS Y NYOPNEFSHCH DMS PVEUREYUEOYS RTILTSCHFIS RTY CHSHCHUBDLE. CHIPDSCH H ZBCHBOY VSCHMY RETELTSCHFSCH ЪBFPRMEOOSCHNY UHDBNY, Y UOBYUBMB OBDP VSCHMP YI ChЪPTCHBFSH. NPTE UYMSHOP YFPTNYMP. noe RTEDUFBCHMSMPUSH, UFP OE NPCEF VSHCHFSH Y TEYUY P BICHBFE YNEAENYUS H DEUBOFB UTEDUFCHBNY RTPFYCHPRMPTSOPZP VETEZB, CH UMKHYUBE EUMY NSCHUFTEFYN FBN IPFSh LBLPE-FP PT ZBOYPCHBOOPE UPRTPFYCHMEOYE. HUREI NPZMB RTYOEUFY FPMSHLP CHOEBROBS BFBLB. with HCE ZPCHPTYM PV LFPN ChP CHTENS RTECHBTYFEMSHOSCHI FBLFYUEULYI HYUEOYK Y FERETSH VSCHM TEOYFEMSHOP RTPFYCH FPZP, YUFPVSH TYULPCHBFSH KHUREIPN PRETBGYY, RPLB NSC OE DPVSHENUS ZPURPDUFCHB H CHPDHIE OBD AKDET-E.

h DHIPCH DEOSH S RTYEIIBM CH uFBCHETEO, UFPVSCH RTPCHETYFSH, LBL IDEF RPDZPFPCHLB. at NPTS RPDPYEM OEPPMSHYPK VPECHPK LPTBVMSH Y UOBYUBMB CHUFBM ABOUT SLPTSH, YuFPVShch RPOBVMADBFSH OBNY. lPZDB PO CHSHCHRHUFYM RETCHSHCHK UOBTSD, CHUE VTPUIMYUSH RTSFBFSHUS CH DPNB. with OBJEM OELPFTPE RPDPVYE HLTSCHFIYS ABOUT HMYGE, ZDE YUHCHUFCHPCHBM UEVS H VPMSHYEK VEEPRPBUOPUFY. uOBTSDSHCH TCHBMYUSH CH FEYUEOYE YUBUB U TBCHOSCHNY RTPNETSHFLBNY. CHUE FFP CHTENS WITH RTPUYDEM ULTAYUYCHYUSH BY ZTHDPK LYTRYUB. pFCHEFOSHCHK PZPOSH Y OBYI MEZLYI RPMECHSCHI PTHDYK PLBBMUS UCHETIEOOOP OEIZHZHELFYCHOSCHN, IPFS LPTBVMSH OBIPDYMUS CHUEZP CH LYMPNEFTE PF OYI. pDIO UOBTSD U UNYOGGB RPRBM RTSNP CH OBY PTHDYKOSHCHK TBUYUEF. FFPF DHIPCH DEOSCH CHCHDBMUS HTSBUOSCHN. bB FPK LHYUEK LITRYUEK X NEOS CHPOYILMY LBLIE-FP ZTHUFOSHCHE NSHCHUMY. rPLBMBPUSH OECHSCHOPUINSCHN, UFP RTYDEFUS, CHPNPTSOP, RTECHBFSH YUSHA-FP TSYOSH CH FFK VE'BEYFOPC UFTBOE. RETEDP NOPC RPD CHEUEOOYN UPMOSHCHILPN METSBMB NBMEOSHLBS ZBCHBOSH U TBOPGCHEFOSHCHNY MPDLBNY. with CHRPMOE NPZ VSH RTYEIIBFSH CH LFP NEUFEYULP U r. OP RBUUBTSYTULYK RBTPIPD, ZPUFERTYYYNOP RTEMBZBCHYYK FBLPE NYTOPE RKhFEYUFCHYE, HTS VSCHM TBTHYEO UOBTSDPN.

lPZDB zPMMMBODYS LBRYFHMYTPCHBMB, CH DEUBOFOPC PRETBGYY HCE OE VSHMP UNSHUMB, Y HER PFNEOYMY. NECDH 16 Y 18 NBS VTYZBDB CHETOKHMBUSH ABOUT UCHPY UFBTSHCH LCHBTFYTSCH ABOUT ZTBOYGE. NEUFOPE OBUEMEOYE TBDPUFOP RTYCHEFUFCHPCHBMP OBU LBL RPVEYFEMEK. OP NEOS PICHBFSCHCHBMP YUHCHUFCHP VPMY Y TsBMPUFY L OECHETSEUFCHH FEI, LPZP CHCHEMY CH OBVMHTSDEOYE. lBMShCHOYUFSHCH VSHMY ЪBNLOHFSCH Y, DETSBUSH OBUFPPTTSEOOP, YMYH GETLCHY CH UCHPYI OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHI LPUFANBI.

'BFEN OBYKH LBCHBMETYKULHA DYCHYYA OBRTBCHYMY CHUMED BY FBOLPCCHNY DYCHYYSNY ZTHRRSHCH BTNYK THODYFEDFB RP DPTPZE, LPFPTBS VSCHMB NOE IPTPYP OBLPNB. lPZDB-FP ZETNBOULYE CHPKULB PUKHEEUFCHYMY ЪDEUSH RTPTSCHCH, Y FP VSHMP UBNPE ZPTSUEEE NEUFP. rTYDEFUS MY OBYEK RPUMEDOEK LBCHBMETYKULPK DYCHYYY CHUFKHRIFSH CH VPK EEE TB? FP LBMBPUSH CHEUSHNB UPNOYFEMSHOSHCHN.

dPTPZB (26–31 NBS 1940 ZPDB)

zPCHPTYMY, YuFP RPD chBFETMPP VSCHMP VPMSHYPE FBOLPCHPE UTBTSEOIE, OP NSCH NBMP CHYDEMY LFPNH UCHIDEFEMSHUFCH MYYSH RBTH VTPYEOOSCHI FBOLPCH.

ChP CHTENS CHSHCHDCHYTSEOIS L AZH PF vTAUUEMS VTYZBDB CHRECHE PLBBMBUSH H TBKOE, LPFPTSCHK RPLIOHMP ZTBTSDBOULPE OBUEMEOYE. pVEEE CHEYUBFMEOYE UPSU Y VEURPTSDPL. pDOBLP BDYAFBOFH HDBMPUSH OBKFY DMS NEOS LCHBTFYTH ABOUT CHIMME, RPUFTPEOOOPK H BOZMYKULPN UFIME Y PLTHTSEOOPK ZTPNBDOSCHN RBTLPN U RPMPZYNY IPMNBNY. h RBTLE GCHEMY ZPTFEOYY. pVCHUOSCHE BUUPGIBGIY UP UMPCHPN "CHPKOB" YUKHTSYE UFTBOSHCH, HZTPЪB ZYVEMY, OEPRTEDEMEOOPUFSH, CHTBTSDEVOP OBUFTPEOOPE OBUEMEOYE, OBUYMYE, TBBMHLB ZTHVSH Y TêLY. b DMS NEOS SFB ZTHVPUFSH VSCHMB UNSZYUEOB FEN, UFP S CHETOKHMUS CH UCHPK "CHPEOOSHK DPN". FPK CE UBNPK DPTPZPK S RTPIYEM ChP CHTHENS CHFPTZEOIS 1914 ZPDB. Ch 1915–1917 ZPBI LFP VSCHMB DPTPZB, RP LPFPTPK PUKHEEUFCHMSMPUSH UOBVTSEOIE BTNYY, Ch 1918-N DPTPZB OBYEZP PFUFHRMEOYS, Y Ch 1940-N POB PRSFSH UFBMB OBYEK DPTP ZPK. ChPMEK UHDSHVSHCH POB PRSFSH RTECHTTBFIMBUSH CH DPTPZH CHPKOSHCH, URHUFS PDOP RPLPMEOYE, DPTPZH U FENY CE UBNSCHNY OBCHBOISNY: nPOU chBMBOUSHEO dKh mBOU mPTEFFP. h FE DBCHOYE DOY S YEM RP OEK MEKFEOBOFPN, B FERETSH VTYZBDOSCHN LPNBODYTPN. with CHZMSOKHM ABOUT IPSKLH ЪBOSFPK DMS NEOS LCHBTFITSCH. POB UNPFTEMB ABOUT NEOS YOE CHETYMB UCHPYN ZMBBN, U FTHDPN HOBCHBS MEKFEOBOBFB ZHPO. oEXCFP LFP FPF UBNSCHK YUEMPCHEL, UFP UFPYF UEKUBU RETED OEK...

rPLB VTYZBDB OEUREYOP RTPDCHYZBMBUSH CHRETED, NO HDBMPUSH OEULPMSHLP TB PFLMPOYFSHUS PF NBTYTHFB, UFPVSCH CHPULTEUYFSH LPE-LBLIE CHPURPNYOBOYS. rPFPNKh S MEZLP PFSHCHULBM DPN H TSEOMOEOE, ZDE THRETCHSHCHE CUFTEFYM r. CH RPUMEDOYK ZPD retchpk NYTPCHPK CHPKOSHCH. h FE ZPDSH POB OPUIMB ZHPTNKH NEDUEUFTSCh vBCHBTULPZP lTBUOPZP lTEUFB, YJ-RPD YMSRLY ABOUT MPV CHSHVYCHBMYUSH BCHIFLY ChPMPU, UCHPYN Yueflyn PCHBMPN MYGB U VPMSHYNY ZMB ЪBNY Y STLYNY ZHVBNY POB OBRPNYOBMB nBTYA-BOFHBOEFFH.

her MYUOBS NBMEOSHLBS LPNOBFLB CH UPMDBFULPN GEOPHT PFDSCHIB, LPFPTSCHN POB BCCHEDPCHBMB, PFMYUBMBUSH IPTPYN CHLHUPN. oEULPMSHLP RTEDNEFPCH UFBTYOSCH RTYDBCHBMY LFPK LPNOBFE BFNPUZHETH RPLPS, BLOYZY UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBMY P MYFETBFHTOSCHI HCHMEYUEOYSI HER PVYFBFEMSHOYGSHCH. STLYNY LTBULBNY RSHCHMBMY GCHEFSHCH, B OEULPMSHLP ZHPFPZTBZHYK H UETEVTSOSCHI TBNLBI TBULTSCCHBMY RTPYUIPTSDEOYE IPSKLY. ABOUT OII VSHMY YЪPVTBTSEOSHCH PZHYGETSCHCH YЪSEOSCHI LITBUYTULYI YYMENBI, LBBCHYIUS DBTSE CH FE CHTENEOB YuETEUYUKHT UFBTNPDOSHCHNY, B FBLTSE LTBUICHCHE TSEOEYOSCH CH ULTPNOSCHI RPBI U OIF SNY TSENUKHZB ABOUT IEE.

uFB LPNOBFB, CH LPFPTPK UHDSHVB NPS UCHETYMB OPCHSHCHK RPCHPTPF, PVTKHYYMB ABOUT NEOS RPFPL CHPURPNYOBOYK. nOPTSEUFCHP OEUPPFCHEFUFCHYK NETSDH OBNY, LBMBPUSH, UNYBMY PVSCHUOPNH MAVPCHOPNH UPAH. CHELBNY OBI HCHBTsBENSCHE WENSHI TSYMY CH TBOSCHI YUBUFSI UFTBOSH: EE H vTBODEOVKhTZE, NPS ABOUT AZE vBDEOB, OP DBTSE OE FFP PLBBMPUSH DMS OBU RTERSFUFCHYEN. R. "DEVAFITCHBMB" H VETMYOE LRPIY CHYMSHZEMSHNB Y YUBUFP RPUEEEBMB FE VPMSHYE DPNB, LPFPTSHCHE OILPZDB OE VSHMY CH RTHUULPK CHPEOOPC LBUFE, L LPFPTPK RTYOBDMETSBMB EE ENSHS. lPZDB OBYUBMBUSH RETCHBS NYTPCHBS CHPKOB, S FPMSHLP UFP CHETOHMUS RPUME DCHHIMEFOEZP PVCUEOIS H PLUZHPTDE, ZDE RTYPVTEM LPUNPRPMYFYUEULYE CHZMSDSH ABOUT OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHE FTBDYGYY Y X UMPCHOPUFY. OILPZDB CH NPEN IBTBLFETE OE VSCHMP FBLPZP, UFPVSCH UHDYFSH P MADSI RP NEUFH YI RTPYUIPTsDEOYS YMY RP YI OBGYPOBMSHOPUFY.

ybdkhnyuychpufy neos chshchchem bdyafbof. OBN OBDP VSHMP CHPCHTBEBFSHUS ABOUT PUOPCHOKHA DPTPZH, YUFPVSCH OE HRHUFYFSH LBLPZP-OYVHDSH UCHSOPZP. h RHFY WITH NPMYUBM. rTPYMPE DETTSBMP NEOS CH UCHPYI FYULBI, S YURSCHFSCCHBM UNEYBOOPE YUKHCHUFCHP OBUMBTTSDEOYS Y VPMY. OSHCHEE WITH VSCHM TBMKHYUEO U r. VECHPЪCHTBFOP. h RBNSFY CHPKOIL EE PVTB CH OEDBCHOEN RTPYMPN CHETIPN ABOUT YTMBODULPK ZOEDPK, NPEK MAVINPK, POB PIPFIMBUSH OB MYU, UYDS Ch DBNULPN UEDME BOZMYKULPZP PVTBYGB Y OB BOZMYKULYK N FIGHT. u NOPZPMEFOIN PIPFOYUSHYN PRSHCHFPN POB RTYPVTEMB PFMYUOKHA RPUBDLKh, Y S DBCHBM EK CURRENT OBDETSOSCHI MPYBDEK, LPFPTSHCHE ChP CHTENS RUPPK PIPFSCH OB MYU HCHETEOOP VTBMY UBNSHE LTHF SHCHE RTERSFUFCHYS. uFP LBUBEFUS CHETIPCHPK EJDSCH, r. RTYDETSYCHBMBUSH YFBMShSOULPK YLPMSCH, DBCHOYN RTYCHETSEOGEN LPFPTPK VSCHM Y S. dBCE CH DBNULPN UEDME POB HNEMB UIDEFSH RTSNP, YuFPVSCH PVMEZYUYFSH OBZTHЪLH ABOUT URYOKH MPYBDY. yES MPYBDY PVSCHYUOP VSCHMB RPMOPUFSHA CHSHCHFSOHFB Y ChP CHTENS RTSCCHTSLB UPUFBCHMSMB UP URYOPK PDOH MOYA PF OPUB DP ICHPUFB.

CHYDYNP, FERETS CHUE FFP HYMP OBCHUEZDB. fTY MPYBDY, YDHEYE ZDE-FP H LPMPOOE YFBVOPZP LYEMPOB, LBBMYUSHNOE DPTPZPUFPSEYNY YZTHYLBNY HIPDSEEK LRPIY. with CHURPNYOBM YI CHUEI RPPYUETEDOP, BL B NOPZP MEF, LBL CHSHCHUPCHSHCHCHBAF POY UCHPY ZPMPCCH YJ VPMSHYI DEOOILPC, ZMBB TsBTsDHF DCHYTSEOIS, HYY FPRPTEBFUS, YLKhTSCH VMEUFSF: rTPZMPF . ULTP HCE OE PUFBOEFUS MPYBDEK, DEMSEYI OCHZPDSH CHPKOSHCH UP UCHPYNY IPSECHBNY.

dPTPZB ... POB CHSCHDETOHMB NEOS Ъ LFPZP NYTB ZTE FBN, ZDE YMY CHRETED HUFBMSCHE ULBDTPOSCH. yNEOOP ЪDEUSH CH 1914 ZPDKh VSCHM UMSCHYEO ZTPIPF PTHDYK ABOUT RTPIPDSEEN OERPDBMELKH ZHTPOFE. fPZDB POB CHSCHZMSDEMB WPMEE NYTOPC, YUEN FERETSH. OSHCHEE VSHCHMP HTSBUOPE OERTETSCHOSHCHK RPFPL VETSEOGECH, YUEMPCHEYUEULYI UHEEUFCH, UCHSBOOSHCHI PVEIN OEUYUBUFSHEN. pDOY METSBMY YMY GO ABOUT RPCHPЪLBI, DTHZYE, HUFBMSCHE, UP UVYFSHCHNY OPZBNY, VTEMY REYLPN, FPMLBS CHRETED THYUOSCHE FEMETSLY YMY CHEMPUIREDSHCH, OBZTHTSEOOSCHE HMBNY. RETERPMOOOOSCHE ZTHPCHYLY FBEIMY OB UPVPK RTYGERSCH UP ULPTPUFSHHA REYIEIPDPCH. pDOBCDSCH WITH CHIDEM MADEK, PVMERICHIYI BDTBRYTPCHBOOSCHK LBFBZHBML. UBNSCHN REYUBMSHOSHCHN DMS NEOS VSCHMP UNPFTEFSH ABOUT UVBTYLPCH, LPFPTSCHE VEOBDETSOP PFUFBCHBMY, Y ABOUT DEFEK, LPFPTSCHE OE RMBLBMY. sing YUBUFP UFSHCHDMYCHP PUFBOBCHMYCHBMYUSH H RPMECHSCHI LKHIPOSH, LFY ZPMPDOSHCHE MADY, RTYOBDMETSBEYE L UTEDOENH LMBUUKH, CH MEZBOFOSHCHI YMSRBI Y VBYNBLBI, NBFETY, CH YUSHYI ZMBBY VSC MB NPMShVB ЪB UCHPYI DEFEK.

h uTUEOE, OEPPMSHYPN ZPTPDLE BRBDOE ZPTSCH mPTEFFP, S RTPTsDBM DCHB DOS, RPLB RPPDKDHF CHUE ULBDTPOSCH. FP FB UBNBS ZPTB, ZDE CH 1914–1915 ZPBI NSCH NEUSG BY NEUSGEN CHEMY VPI. dp chetdeob pb, lbl nemshoyyuoshchk cetopch, cyuyemb o obyi yesi h fpk veuunschumeoopk chpkoe o yufpeeooye. h FE DOY ABOUT THE FOURTH OF UE UFPSMB TBTHYEOOBS YUBUPCHOS, B FERETSH CHUE RTPUFTBOUFCHP CHPLTKhZ RTECHTBEEOP CH PZTPNOPE LMBDVYEE. LTPNE NOPTSEUFCHB LTEUFCH, OB OEN EUFSH Y VPMSHYBS VTBFULBS NPZYMB DMS PUFBOLCH TBIPTCHBOOSCHI ABOUT LHULY FEM, LPFPTSHCHE OECHPЪNPTSOP VSCHMP UPVTBFSH CHPEDYOP. VEUYUMEOOOSCHE FSHCHUSYU UPMDBF RPTsETFCHPCHBMY DEUSH UCHPEK TSYOSHA, YUFPVSC H TEEKHMSHFBFE RPMHYUYFSH OEULPMSHLP ZhKhFCH ENMY. OBDRYUSH ABOUT OBDZTPVYY ZMBUIMB:

“FSH, UFTBOoil, UFHRYCHYK ABOUT LFH zPMZPZHH Y LFY FTPRSCH, OELPZDB OBFPRMEOOSHCH LTPCHSHHA, KHUMSCHYSH LTYL, YDHEIK Y ZELBFPNV: “MADY ENMY, PVYAEDYOSKFEUSH. yuEMPCHEYUEUFCHP, VKHDSH YUEMPCHEUOSCHN!”

and ABOUT PVTBFOPC UFPTPOE:

"ZTHDSCH LPUFEK, PTSYCHMEOOOSCHE LPZDB-FP ZPTDSCHN DSCHIBOYEN TSYOYO, OSHOE RTPUFP TBTP'OEOOOSCHE YUBUFY FEM, VESCHNSOOSHCHE PUFBOLY, YUEMPCHEYUEULPE NEUICHP, UCHSEOOPE ULPRMEOYE VEUYUY UMEOOOSCHI NPEEK zPURPDSH HOBEF FEVS, RTBI ZETPECH!

eUMMY CHETYFSH VPECHSHCHN DPOEYEOISN OBYEK BTNYY, UEKYUBU ChPKULB YFHTNPN CHSMY LFH ZPTKh, PDOBLP OILBLYI RTYOBLPCH LFPZP NSC OE BLNEFIMY, OE UYUYFBS PDOPZP RPDVYFPZ P FBOLB Y CHPTPOLY PF UOBTSDB, EEE TB RPFTECHPTSYCHYYEZP NETFCHSHCHI. OE VSHMP OH PLPRCH, OH BTFYMMETYKULYI RPYGYK, OH UCHETSYI NPZYM, OH RPMS UPU.

ABOUT ULBME CHYNY, OELPZDB NEUFE FTSEMEKYI VPEC, TBURPMPTSYMUS UEKYUBU LPMPUUBMSHOSHCHK LBOBDULYK CHPEOOSHCHK NENPTIBM. rPUME rETCHPK NYTPCHPK CHPKOSHCH LBLPK-FP RTEDRTYYYNYUYCHSHCHK VYOEUNEO UPITBOYM YUBUFSH PLPRCH, ЪBGENEOFYTPCHBCH YI UFEOSCH. RTPFYCHOYLY TBURPMBZBMYUSH ЪDEUSH DTHZ RTPFYCH DTHZB ABOUT TBUUFPSOYY PF DEUSFI DP DCHBDGBFY NEFTCH, YЪVEZBS FBLYN PVTBBPN CHBYNOPZP BTFYMMETYKULPZP PVUFTEMB. DMS RTYCHMEYUEOYS FHTYUFCH ABOUT NEUFE VPEC PUFBCHYMY OEULPMSHLP TBVTPUBOOSHI RTEDNEFPCH CHPPTKHTSEOIS: ABOUT PDOK UFPTPOE RAYLEMSHIBKHVE, 8-NYMMYNEFTCHSCHE RKHMENEFSHCH, B ABOUT DTHZPK UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE VTYFBOULYE TEMYLCHYY.

OB FFPF TB ChPKOB RTPUFP RTPOEUMBUSH NYNP ZPTSCH mPTEFFP, LBL RPTSCHCH CHEFTB. h FYI PLPRBI, FEBFEMSHOP RPUFTPEOOOSCHI DMS RTEDSCHDHEEK CHPKOSHCH, CHPKULB UPAOYOLPCH UOPCHB PLBBMY LPTPFLPE UPRTPFYCHMEOYE Y UOPCHB VTPUIMY YUBUFSH VTYFBOULPZP CHPPTHSEOYS.

with RTFC H tueoe FTY DOS, OP FERETSH HCE "RP DTHZHA UFPTPOH" oPFT-dBN-DE-mPTEFFP, FBL UFP UNPZ OBLPOEG-FP HCHYDEFSH FP, UFP LPZDB-FP NSC RSCHFBMYUSH TBUUNNPFTEFSH Yuete UFETEP FTHVH. h lBNVTE VSCHMB UZHPTNYTPCHBOB OPCHBS, NPFPTYJPCHBOOBS, EOZETULBS VTYZBDB. YDEUSH NEOS FPTS PICHBFIMY ZTKHUFOSHCHE CHPURPNYOBOYS, OP HTS DTKhZPZP TPDB. with TBSHCHULBM NEUFP, ZDE 1 DELBVTS 1917 ZPDB CHSHCHLPRBM Yb PVEEK NPZYMSCH FEMP NPEP VTBFB. BY VSCHM MEFUYILPN-YUFTEVYFEMEN, Y EZP UBNPMEF UVYMY OBLBOHOE RETCHPZP CH YUFPTYY FBOLPCHPZP VPS. RPD SUOSCHN OYNOYN UPMOGEN S DPMZP YULBM FPYUOPE NEUFP BIPTPOEOIS, RPLB RPUME VEULPOEYUOSCHI TBUURTPUPCH OE HVEDYMUS, UFP VOLUME EZP. at RBTPK RPNPEOYLPCH NSCH DPMZP LPRBMYUSH CH PVEEK NPZYME, BCH LFP CHTHENS NYNP OBU NYUBMYUSH CH LPOFTBFBLH OENEGLIE FBOLY CH LFPN RETCHPN FBOLPCHPN VPA X lBNVTE. BOZMYKULBS BTFYMMETYS CHEMB PZPOSH RP OBUFHRBAEEK REIPFE, Y OBN RTYIPDYMPUSH RTSFBFSHUS CH TBTSCHFPK NPZYME. yOPZDB OBU BUSCHRBMP RP RPSU. CHUE-FBLY OBN HDBMPUSH CHSCHFBEIFSH FEMP VTBFB, METSBCHIEEE CH OYTSOEN Y FTEI UMPEC FTHRPCH. OP UBOIFBTSCH LBFEZPTYUEULY PFLBJSCHCHBMYUSH CHSHCHOPUIFSH EZP RPD YLCHBMSHOSHCHN PZOEN. fPZDB S CHSM OPZY RPLPKOPZP RPD NSHCHYLY, RPDFBEIM L UCHPEK NBYOE Y CHRYIOHM ABOUT UIDEOSH TSDPN U UPVPK.

oERPDBMELH PF LFPZP RPMS VPS 1917 ZPDB Y DETECHEOSH VHTMPO Y NJCHTE UFPSM ЪBNPL bCHTYLHT, ZDE H LBYUEUFCHE BDYAFBOFB 14-ZP TEETCHOPZP LPTRHUB S CYM RPUME CHEUEOOEZP OBU FHRMEOYS 1918 ZPDB. bNPL VSCHM UFETF U MYGB ЪENMY. OP RPUME CHPKOSHCH EZP PFUFTPIYMY BOPPCHP, Y FERETSH CH OEN TBURPMBZBMBUSH BTNEKULBS ZTHRRRB ZHPO vPLB, YЪ UPUFBCHB LPFPTPK ZHPTNYTPCHBMBUSH NPS VTYZBDB.

oChBS CHPKOB (7–16 YAOS 1940 ZPDB)

l FFPNH READING WITH HCE RPMOPUFSHHA YVBCHYMUS PF YUHCHUFCHB "UFTBIB RETED UGEOPK", PICHBFICHYYEZP NEOS H zPMMBODYY. rTPUFP IPFEMPUSH RPULPTEE CHUFHRIFSH CH UICCHBFLH. rPLB LPNRMELFPCHBMBUSH NPS VTYZBDB, S CHCHETSBM CHUE VMYCE L MYOYY ZHTPOFB, ZDE YMY VPI. NSCH ZHPTUYTPCHBMY UPNNH H FPN CE NEUFE CH rETPOOE, HERE WITH RTFC NOPZP UNUSGECH CHTENS RTPYMPK CHPKOSHCH. h FE DOY RTYIPDYMPUSH ЪBNEOSFSH PTHDYS LBCDSCHK CHEYUT, LBL FEOOYUOSCHE TBLEFLY, RPULPMSHLH POI ETSEDOECHOP YOBOYYCHBMYUSH DP OERTYZPDOPZP UPUFPSOIS. FERETSH OE UMSCHYBMPUSH OY ZTPIPFB PTKHDYK, RP LPFPTPNKH NPTSOP VSCHMP PRTDEMYFSH OBRTBCHMEOYE ZMBCHOSCHI HDBTCH, OY LBLYI-MYVP ЪCHHLPC RTPIPDSEYI VPEC. rTEPDPMECH "MYOYA CHEKZBOB", NSC CHRECHSHCHE HCHYDEMY OEYUFP OBRPNYOBAEEE RPME UPU. vPECHPK GEMSHA VSCHMB CHSHCHUPLBS UFEOB RBTLB, UMHTSYCHYBS RTPFYCHOYLH PRPTOSHCHN RHOLFPN. b OEULPMSHLYNY TSDBNY FEBFEMSHOP RPDZPFPCHMEOOOSCHI ENMSOSCHI HLTERMEOYK METSBMP OEULPMSHLP FTHRPCH Y NOPTSEUFCHP CHPEOOOSCHI FTPZHEECH. LBL VSCCHBMP RPUME LTHROSCHI UTBTSEOIK CH 1916 ZPDH, FBL Y UEKYBU NYNP FSOHMBUSH VEULPOEYUOBS LPMPOOB RMEOOSCHI, HUFBMSCHI, LP CHUENKH VETBMYUOSCHI Y RPDBCHMEOOSHCHI. obyb RPRSHFLB DPUFYUSH MOYY ZHTPOFB RTCHBMYMBUSH. CHILD VSHMY UMYYLPN ЪBZTPNPTSDEOSCH Y TBTHIEOSCH BTFYMMETYKULYN PZOEN. h PDOPN NEUFE UPMDBFSCH CHSHCHLBFYMY ABOUT DPTPZH VPYUPOPL CHYOB Y OBRPMOSMY YN LTHTSLY CHUEI RTPIPDSEYI NYNP. y NBZBJOYUYLB RP UPUEDUFCHKh LBLPK-FP Yuempchel Chshchlydshchchbm RP ЪPOFILKh Ch LBTsDHA RTPEЪTSBCHYKHA NBYYOKH.

nPA VTYZBDH OBRTBCHYMY DEKUFCHPCHBFSH UPCHNEUFOP U FBOLPCCHN LPTRKHUPN zPFB (LPFPTSCHK RTPTCHBMUS L THBOH), YUFPVSH RTYLTSCCHBFSH EZP U MECHPZP ZHMBOZB ABOUT AZP-CHPUFPYuOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY, FP EUFSH RP DPTPZE L RBTYCH. b DCHBDGBFSH RSFSH YUBUPCH NSC RTEPDPMEMY DCHEUFY LYMPNEFTCH, CH TSHFPK RSHCHMY, YUBUFP RP FEN DPTPZBN, RP LPFPTSCHN YMY PUOPCHOSCHE LPMPOOSCH. fBOLPCHSHCHE DYCHYYY UCHETYMY RTPTTSCHCH, OP VTEYSH PLBBMBUSH HHLPK. REIPFOSHCHE DYCHYYY UMECHB Y URTBCHB PF OII OE NPZMY DCHYZBFSHUS FBL CE VSHCHUFTP. rTYIPDYMPUSH PLTHTSBFSH OBUEMEOOSCHE RHOLFSCH Y PUOPCHBFEMSHOP YI RTPUUEUSCHCHBFSH, OEUS RPFETY. vPNVBTDYTPCHEYLY RTPFICHOYLB BFBLPCHBMY NEUFP RTPTSCHCHB U CHPDHIB, UFP FPCE CHAMP L RPFETSN MADEK Y FEIOYLY.

NPK BDYAFBOF, USCHO ZEOETTBMB ZHEMSHDFB, OBEIBM CH UCHPEN ZHUEOYUOPN FTBOURPTFETE ABOUT NYOH, RPZYVMY CHUE, LFP EIBM CHNEUFE U OIN. FFPZP NPMPDPZP PZHYGETB S CHSM CH UCHPK YFBV Y CH FPF DEOSH, UFPVSCHOE RPDCHETZBFSH PRBUOPUFY, PFRTBCHYM EZP CH FSHM. h rPMSHULPK LBNRBOY X OEZP RPZYV VTBF. y FERETSH S DPMTSEO VSHCHM CHSHCHRPMOYFSH REYUBMSHOSHCHK DPMZ OBRYUBFSH YI PFGH, LPNBODYTH BTFYMMETYKULPZP DYCHYYPOB, YuFP X OEZP VPMSHYE OEF USHCHOPCHEK. rTPYMP CHUEZP FTY DOS U FEI RPT, LBL S ЪBEЪTSBM L OENH ABOUT RPYGYY ЪBVTBM EZP USCHOB U UPVPK.

y'CHEUFYE PV FFK FSTsMPK MYUOP DMS NEOS HFTBFE OBUFYZMP OBU H UVBTPN DETECHEOULPN DPNE, ZDE WITH OBDESMUS RTPCHEUFY OEULPMSHLP URPLPKOSHCHI YUBUPCH. URTBCHB PFLTSCHCHBMUS YUHDOSHK REKBTS, PUCHEEEOOSHK STLYN YAOSHULYN UPMOGEN, UMECHB UFPSM UFBTYOOSHK TEETCHHBT DMS CHPDSH Y EEE PYO DPN. ABOUT CHPKOE CHUEZDB CHSHCHRBDBMY YUBUSCH, DSHCHYBEYE BFNPUZHETPK NYTB, DBCE ЪDEUSH. OYYUEN OYUEN OE BRSFOBOOBS LTBUPFB YENMY YMKHYUBMB LBLPE-FP UYUBUFSHHE, LPFPTPE UNEYYCHBMPUSH CH DHYE UP ULPTVSHA P UHDSHVBI DTHEK.

NPS VTYZBDB CHSHCHDCHYOHMBUSH ABOUT RETEDPCHA X UBNPK UEOSCH. pLBBMPUSH, UFP DCHB NPUFB, LPFPTSHCHE S ONETECHBMUS BICHBFIFSH, HCE CHPTCCHBOSHCH. rPDTBDEMEOYS VTYZBDSH ZHPTUYTPCHBMY UEOH. TBCHYCHBAEYE OBUFHRMEOYE LPTRHUB nBOYFEKOB CHSMY YI U UPVPK, RPDYOYCH LPNBODPCHBOYA PDOPZP YЪ LPTRHUCH, FBL UFP CHTENEOOP POY CHCHYMY YЪ-RPD NPEZP HRTBCHMEOYS.

oELPFPTPE CHTENS S PFDSHIBM CH OEVPMSHYPN HCHEUEMIFEMSHOPN BLCHEDEOYY, HCE RBIOKHEEN RBTYTSEN. pDOB YUBUFSH ZPTPDLB ZPTEMB, Y CBT VSHM RTPUFP HDHYBAEYN. with RPUMBM ЪB VKhFSCHMLPK YBNRBOULPZP CH RPDCHBM TBTHYEOOPZP ЪDBOIS, B RPLB TsDBM, OBVMADBM ЪB YEUFSHHA RHBMA {6} , PEYRSCHCHBCHYNY GSHCHRMSF X RPMECHPK LHIOY. DCHPE DTHZYI LPRBMY NPZYMH DMS HVYFPZP NEUFOPZP TSYFEMS, METSBCHYEZP ABOUT NPUFPPCHPK Y CHYTBCHYEZP ABOUT RTPIPDSEYI NYNP MADEK PUFELMEOECHYNY ZMBBNY.

rPFPN S DPVTBMUS DP TKHBOB, CH LPFPTPN ZPTEMY DPNB RP CHUENKH MECHPNKh VETEZH TEL Y UVBTBS YuBUFSH ZPTPDB ABOUT RTBCHPN. CHUE NBZBYOSCH VSCHMY BLTSCHFSCH. oELPFPTSHCHE IPSECHB, RPDYOYCHYUSH RTYLBKH, PFLTSCHMY UCHPY MBCHLY, OP OYUEZP, LTPNE ZHTHLFPCH Y REYUEOSHS, CH OYI OE VSHMP. at VETEZB TEL RHMENEFUYLY CHEMY PZPOSH RP NBTPDETBN Y MADSN, ULTSCHFOP RTPVYTBCHYNUS RP PRHUFECHYYN HMYGBN. RPTSBTOBS LPNBODB RSCHFBMBUSH HLTPFYFSH PZPOSH. PZHYGET, UVBTBCHYKUS URBUFY UVPPT, CHSHUFTEMYM CH YuEMPCHELB, LPFPTSHCHK SLPVSCH IPFEM OB OEZP OBRBUFSH, YPZHET DETTSBM FFPZP YuEMPCHELB BY YCHPTPF. about PVTBFOPN RHFY WITH ZMSDEM ABOUT NPTE DSHNB PF ZPTECHYI FBOLC. obd dschnpn chpchshchybmpush uhdp zpfyly thboullyk upvpt, schly rmbneoy chmefbmy RP MEUBN chpltkhz pdopk yb EZP VBYEO.

ABOUT UMEDHAEIK DEOSH NSC UPCHETYBMY NBTY, OE CHUFHRBS CH UPRTYLPUOPCHEOYE U RTPFICHOYLPN Y DETTBUSH RPBDY FBOLCHPZP LPTRHUB. FFPF DEOSH PLBBMUS PDOIN Y UBNSHCHI RPDIPDSEYI DMS RTELTBUOPZP "RYLOILB". UEMSHULBS NEUFOPUFSH H UFPTPOE PF DPTPZY CHSCZMSDEMB UPCHUEN NYTOPK, UMPCHOP PYO VPMSHYPK RBTL U CHCHUPLYNY TSYCHSHCHNY Y'ZPTPDSNNY CHPLTHZ OEPPMSHYI HLTPNOSCHI MHTsBEL. LPE-ZDE REKBTS OBRPNYOBM BOZMYKULYE ZTBCHATCH XVIII CHELB: UYSAEYK RPD YAOSHULYN UPMOGEN GCHEFOIL, ABDOEN RMBOE UEMSHULYK DPNYL RPD UPMPNEOOPC LTSCHYEK, YЪ RTYPFLTSCHFPK DCHETY LPOAYOY CHIDOEEFUS LTHR VEMPK MPYBDY.

ChP CHTENS LFYI RY'PDYUEULYI VPEC OBYB RPCHUEDOECHOBS TSYOSH CHPYMB CH PRTEDEMOOOSHCHK TYFN. l RSFY CHEYUETB BLBOYUYCHBMUS OBUFHRBFEMSHOSHCHK RPTSCHCH Y VPECHPK RSCHM PIMBTsDBMUS. fPZDB NSCH CHSHVYTBMY LBLPK-OYVHDSH UINRBFYUOSCHK FYYIK UBD, Y OBN RPDBCHBMY SUBK. eUMMY OILBLYI RTYLBPCH OE RPUFHRBMP, CHUE RTPDPMTSBMY VEDEMSHOYYUBFSH Y CHEMY UEVS LBL UYUBUFMICHSHCHE FKHTYUFSHCH, UPCHETYBAEYE TPNBOFYUEULPE RKhFEYUFCHYE ABOUT BCHFP. TBCHEDUYLPCH CHCHUSCHMBMY CHRETED, UFPVSH RPDSHULBFSH NEUFP DMS OPYUMEZB. DOY CHUEZDB VSCHMY URPLPKOSHCHE.

pDOBTsDCH TBCHEDUYLY OBFLOKHMYUSH ABOUT VPMSHYPK OPTNBODULYK ЪBNPL nPFCHYMSH, RTYOBDMETSBEIK ZTBZHKH TSETNOY. eEE OY PYO UPMDBF OE RETEUFHRBM EZP RPTPZ, OP ON VSCHM UCHETIEOOOP OEPVYFBEN. gCHEFPYUOSCHE LMHNVSCH OEDBCHOP RPMYFSCH, J PFLTSCHFPK DCHETY GETLCHY MSHEFUS UCHEF. h DEUSFLBI LPNOBF DMS ZPUFEK NSC PVOBTHTSYMY ЪBUFEMEOOOSCHE RPUFEMY, LMBDPCHSHCHE VSHCHMY RPMOSHCH YBNRBOULPZP "TEDETET", CH ZPUFYOSCHI METSBMY UCHETSIE OPNETB "fBKNU" Y "TECHA DE DЈ NPOD". obdech RPUME CHBOOSCH UCHETSE VEMSHHE (PDPMTSEOOPE NOPC X PDOPZP YЪ PZHYGETPCH, FBL LBL NPE RTPRBMP CHNEUFE U RPDPTCHBCHYNUS OB NYOE FTBOURPTFETPN), S RPZTHYMUS CH DPMZYK Y ZMHVPLYK UPO . ABOUT UMEDHAEEE HFTP S BCHFTBLBM CH PDYOPYUEUFCHE, OBVMADBS RTPUFYTBCHYYEUS CHDBMSh MHZB. UMPCHOP YЪVBMPCHBOOSCHK ZPUFSH, S BUYDEMUS U UYZBTEFPK ЪB LBLYN-FP YUFYCHPN FBL, VHDFP CHRETEDY X NEOS VSCHM DPMZYK FYYK DEOSH H CHILDREN.

yMMAYS TBTHYYMBUSH, LBL FPMSHLP WITH DPIYEM DP ZPUFYOPK. NEOS PTSYDBMP NOPTSEUFCHP PZHYGETPCH: UMECHB UFPSMY RMEOOSCHE ZHTBOGHSHCH, URTBCHB OENEGLIE LPNBODYTSCH Y BDYAAFBOFSHCH, TsBTsDHEYE RETEZPCHPTYFSH UP NOPC.

NPS VTYZBDB CHEMB OBUFHRMEOYE CHOY RP FEYUEOYA UEOSCH L zBCHTH, YuFPVShch RPNEYBFSH PLTHTSEOOSCHN CHPKULBN RTPFYCHOYLB RTPTCHBFSHUS Yuete TEELH H ATSOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. khRTBCHMEOYE VPECHCHNY DECUFCHYSNY PUMPTSOSMPUSH FEN, UFP GENERAL CHPKULB RTPDCHYZBMYUSH UTBYKH U OEULPMSHLYI OBRTTBCHMEOYK. h uEO-tPNEOE YNEMY NEUFP OEPPMSHYE VPI U OEOBYUYFEMSHOSCHNY RPFETSNY. h OBYEN FSHMKH H THLBI RTPFICHOYLB CHUE EEE PUFBCHBMBUSH DETECHOS vPMSHVEL. dPTPZB VSCHMB DPCHPMSHOP PRBUOPK: UMECHB TELB, URTBCHB LTHFSHCHE PVTSHCHSHCH, RPFPNKH LPMPOOB OE NPZMB ЪBEYEBFSH UCHPY ZHMBOZY.

h FPF CHEYUT, LPZDB NShch PVEDBMY H TEUFPTBOE H uEO-tPNEOE, b UPUEDOYNY UFPMYLBNY GO VECEOGSHCH. NShch PVEЪPRBUYMY UEVS UP CHUEI UFPTPO Y CHSHVTBMY DMS RPUFPS VPMSHOIGH, UEUFTB-IPSKLB LPFPTPK CHSHCHTBYMB NOE OBHFTP RTYOBFEMSHOPUFSH ЪB FP, UFP EE IHDYE PRBUEOIS OE PRTB CHDBMYUSH.

ъBFEN VTYZBDB RTPDPMTSYMB OBUFKHRMEOYE L zBCHTH, CH LPFPTSCHK NShch DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY CHPKFY, RP CHPNPTSOPUFY, "VEY FTSEMSHCHI RPFETSH". Rpulpmshlh ilblepzp UPrtpfychmeis NShShu VPMSHEY OHOFTEYUBMY, BUYA RTPTCHYUSYUS YUBUFY VSHMYA HCCA UEOPK, VTIZBDE PUFBCHBMPUSH FPMSHLP Nyshchi Nyoshchechi on DPTPZBI. l DECHSFY YUBUBN HFTB NSCH CHPYMY H ZPTPD, RPUMEDOYE BOZMYYUBOE VETSBMY RTSNP RETED OBYN RTYIPDPN. s HUFTPM UCHPK LPNBODOSHK RHOLF CH NTYY, UBN NT ULTSHMUS, OP EZP LBVYOEF UPITBOYM BFNPUZHETH TPULPY: CHEDE GCHEFSHCH, NEVEMSH CH UYME MADPCHILB XVI.

DMS OBU OBYUBMUS RETYPD VPMSHYPK FTECHPZY Y VEURPLPKUFCHB. pFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFSH FTSEMSHCHN ZTKHPN MEZMB ABOUT NPY RMEYUY, GBTYMB ZOEFHEBS BFNPUZHETB OEPRTEDEMEOOPUFY. ZPTEMY FPRMYCHOSCHE TEETCHHBTSHCH, UPDETTSBCHYE PZTPNOSHCHE BRBUSCH JTBOGYY, Y MILCHYDYTPCHBFSH RPTSBTSH FPMSHLP UCHPYNY UYMBNY NSCH OE NPZMY. h ZPTPDE RTPDPMTSBMPUSH NBTPDETUFCHP. chPDPUOBVTSOEOYE OBIPDYMPUSH RPD HZTPPK. UPFOY BOZMYKULYI ZTHH'PCHYLCH, CHSHCHYEDYI Y UFTPS CH RPUMEDOYK NPNEOF RETED HIPDPN VTYFBOGECH, RETEZPTPDYMY HMYGSHCH. lPMYUEUFCHP ЪBICHBYUEOOPZP RTPDPPCHPMSHUFCHYS OE RPDDBCHBMPUSH HYUEFH. ABOUT RETCHPN LFBTSE ZPTPDULPK TBFHY METSBMY RMEOOSHCH. NPE ZYMSHE CH OERPCHTETSDEOOOPN PUPVOSLE, UFPSEEN ABOUT CHPCHSHCHIEOOOPN NEUFE, VSMP UTECHSCHYUBKOP LPNZHPTFBVEMSHOSCHN, CH RSHCHYOPN VKhTTSHBOPN UFIME, VPZBFSCHN Y DBTSE OBDNEOOSCHN H UCHPEK TPUL PYY. bB PVEDPN L OBN RTYUPEDYOSMUS YFBMShSOULIK LPOUKHM. ON ULTSCCHBMUS DP RTYIPDB OBYI CHPKUL Y MYYYMUS UCHPEZP DPNB.

RP OPYUBN RPLPS OE VSHMP. chTENS PF READING WITH UNPFTEM Y PLOB ABOUT PFVMEULY PF ZPTSEYI OEZHFEITBOIMYE ABOUT PVYTOPK NPTULPK ZMBDY. sFP RTPDPMTSBMPUSH NOPZP DOEK.

tBKPO RPTFB RPDCHETZBMUS VPNVBTDYTPCHLBN. obyyn ЪOYFOSHCHN HUFBOPCHLBN RPFTEVPCHBMPUSH DMYFEMSHOPE CHTENS, YUFPVSCH KHOYUFPTSYFSH BTPUFBFSCH ЪBZTBTSDEOYS, PUFBCHMEOOOSCHE RTPFYCHOYLPN. rPRHFOP OBDP VSCHMP ZPFPCHYFSHUS L DBMSHOEKYENH RTEUMEDPCHBOYA. vTYZBDE OBDMETsBMP RETERTBCHYFSHUS YUETE uEOH Y OBUFHRBFSH RP OBRTBCHMEOYA L RPVETETSSHHA. pDOBLP CH FFPN NEUFE TElb VSMB UMYYLPN YITPLBS, UFPVSCH UDEMBFSH LFP U RPNPESH YNEAEYIUS RMBCHUTEDUFCH. oBUFPSEIN YURSHCHFBOYEN DMS NPYI OETCHPCH VSCHMB PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFSH bb TsYosh Ch ZPTPDE, URBUEOYE RTPDPPCHPMSHUFCHEOOOSHI BRBUCH, RPDDETSBOYE NYTB Y RPTSDLB, PVEUREYEOYE UIM, OEEPVIPD YNSCHI DMS DBMSHOEKYEZP OBUFHRMEOYS.

lPZDB S PFDBCHBM RPUMEDOYE TBURPTSEOIS RETED PFYAEDDPN, CH NPEN LBVYOEFE RTPYYPYMP UMEDHAEEE. bNEUFYFEMSH NTB, RPTSYMPK UEDPCHMBUSCHK ZPURPDYO, PLBSHCHCHBM NOE CHUE EFY FTHDOSHCHE DOY Y OPYUY OEPGEOINHA RPNPESH. h NPNEOF OBYEZP PFYAEDB PO CHCHZMSDEM CHCHPMOCHBOOSCHN Y CH RTYUHFUFCHY ZPTPDULYI UPCHEFOILPCH, BROYOBSUSH, ULBBM: “with OE HCHETEO, RPMLPCHOYL, RPCHPMSEF MY NOE NPE OSHOEOYOE E RPMPTSEOYE RTPYOPUYFSH UMPCHB VMBZPDBTOPUFY, OP S PYUEOSH IPYUKH UDEMBFSH LFP, FBL LBL CH FP UFTBYOPE CHTENS S YUHCHUFCHCHBM, UFP CHSC UFTENIMYUSH RPNPYUSH OBYENKH OEUYUBUFOPNKh ZPTPDKh. vTYZBDB CHOPCHSH DCHYOKHMBUSH RP VETEZH UEOSCH, RTPCHEDS OEULPMSHLP CHEYUETOYI YUBUPCH CH LAB, ZDE PUFBOBCHMYCHBMBUSH PE CHTENS OBUFHRMEOYS OBLBOHOE CHEYUETPN. h FENOPFE NShch RTPYMY RP BOPCHP PFUFTPEOOPNKh NPUFKh YUETE uEOH H ME-BODEMY. ABOUT UMEDHAEEE HFTP, LPZDB CHUE OBIY YUBUFY RETEYMY ABOUT RTPFICHPRMPTSOSCHK VETEZ, YFBV CHAYEIIBM CH TPULPYOSCHK PUPVOSL, LPFPTSCHK HCE VSCM "TBBZTBVMEO". with PFDBM RPUMEDOYE RTYLBBOYS Y PF HUFBMPUFY U FTHDPN DETTSBMUS ABOUT OPZBI. bDYAAFBOF YUHFSH MY OE URBM ABOUT IPDH. yBUFSH HFTB RTPIMB CH PUCHETSBAEEN UOE h RPMDEOSH NSC RETEVTBMYUSH YЪ ьMSHVЈZH CH CHYNHFSHHE, OH TBH OE UFPMLOKHCHYUSH U RTPFICHOYLPN.

NEUFOPUFSH UFBOCHIMBUSH CHUE VEDOEE. OE CHUFTEYUBMYUSH VPMSHYE ЪBNLY, LBL CH OPTNBODYY. h CHYNHFSHE OBY YFBV TBURPMPTSYMUS CH PYUEOSH UINRBFYUOPN PUPVOSLE. CHP CHTENS PVEDB CH TEUFPTBOE PZHYGETSCH DETTSBMYUSH FBL, VHDFP OBIPDYMYUSH ABOUT NBOECHTBI, IPFS RTPFYCHOYL UFPSM CHUEZP CH DEUSFI LYMPNEFTBI PF OBU. pZHYGIBOFLB VSCHMB PDEFB CH YETOPE IEMLCHPE RMBFSHE U VEMSHCHN ZHBTFHLPN. pDOBLP, LPZDB RTYOEUMMY ЪBVTSCHЪZBOOKHA LTPCHSHHA RPMECHHA UHNLH ZHTBOGKHULPZP PZHYGETB, HVYFPZP OBYYN DPЪPTPN ABOUT RPDUFHRBI L ZPTPDKh, YDYMMYS OBTHYYMBUSH.

hPKOB RETEPTCDBEPHUS

y ChYNHFSH GENERAL VTYZBDH PFRTBCHYMY ABOUT BRBD H OBRTBCHMEOYY L L POD, ZDE EK RTEDUFPSMP PCHMBDEFSH RETERTBCHBNY Yuete TEELH PTO. ATSOEE DPTPZY, RP LPFPTPK POB DCHYZBMBUSH, CHUS FETTYFPTYS CHTPDE VSC VSCHMB ЪBOSFB OBYNY CHPKULBNY. DP zhBMEЪB CHUE YMP OPTNBMSHOP. about TSCHOPYuOPK RMPEBDY FFPZP ZPTPDB CHPOYILBMY UIFKHBGYY, LPFPTSCHE NPTSOP VSCHMP OBVMADBFSH FPMSHLP PE CHTENS CHPKO XVIII UFPMEFYS. fHDB CHUE RTYVSCCHBMY Y RTYVSCCHBMY RMEOOSCHE. sing NBMP YUEN OBRPNYOBMY TEZHMSTOSHCHE CHPKULB. pDYO UPMDBF RTPFEUFPCHBM RTPFYCH UCHPEZP RMEOEOYS, HFCHETTSDBS, UFP EZP, PFGB YuEFCHETSCHI DEFEK, RTYJCHBMY CH BTNYA OEBLPOOP.

yEDYK CH BCHBOZBTDE VBFBMShPO CHUFTEFYM ABOUT PTOE UPRTPFYCHMEOYE, VSCHMP OEULPMSHLP HVYFSHCHI. DEUSH, LBL Y CHEDE, NSC CHUFTEYUBMYUSH U RTPFICHPDEKUFCHYEN FPMSHLP ABOUT DPTPZBI. rTYCHMELMY BTFYMMETYA, OP FBL LBL VTYZBDB YNEMB CH UCHPEN TBURPTSEOY FPMSHLP 100-NYMMMYNEFTCHSCHE RHYLY Y 150-NYMMYNEFTPCHSCHE ZBKHVIGSCH, VSHMY UPNOEOIS, EUFSH MY UNSCHUM YI YURPMSH'CHBFSH. rPCHUADH NEUFOSHCHE TSYFEMY UFPSMY X DCHETEK UCHPYI DPNPC, UMPCHOP CHPKOB HCE BLPOYUYMBUSH. pDYO VBFBMShPO VSHM OBRTBCMEO bb pto DBMSHY L UCHETCH, Y EZP VTPUPL VSHM PFNEYUEO TPTsDEOYEN FEI UBNSHCHI YITPLP YJCHEUFOSHCHI UCHPDPL: “vBFBMShPO RPUTEDUFCHPN NPEOSCHI BFBL BICHBFYM DCHE FSHCHUSYU RMEOOSHI, OE RPOEUS OILBLYI RPFESH!"

oELPFPTSCHE OBII UPMDBFSCH RP UPVUFCHEOOOPK YOYGYBFICHE RTYVMYYYIMYUSH L RTPFICHOYLBN, TBNBIYCHBCHYYN VEMSHCHN ZHMBZPN, UFP RTYCHEMP LOERPMPTSEOOSCHN RETEZPCHPTTBN UP UFPTPTSECHSHCHN PITBOOYEN. oEULPMSHLP ZHTBOGKHULYI PZHYGETCHNY, PVUHTSDBCHYI RPD VEMSHCHN ZHMBZPN HUMPCHYS UDBYUY U TSDPCHSHNY NPEK VTYZBDSCH, VSHCHMY PYASCHMEOSCH RMEOOSCHNY, Y POI BRTPFEUFPCHBMY. CHUMED IB FFYN RYJPDPN CHOPCHSH TBZPTEMUS VPK L CHPUFPLH PF lPODE, RTYCHEDYK L OPCHSHCHN RPFETSN.

CHEYUETPN RPUFPSOOP FTEVPCHBMPUSH NPE RTYUHFUFCHIE ABOUT RETEDPPCHPK. LPNBOYT ZHTBOGKHULPK VTYZBDSCH CEMBM CHEUFY RETEZPCHPTSC FPMSHLP U PZHYGETPN CH PDOPN U OIN YUOYOE. yb-b UEZPDOSYOEZP UMHYUBS PO PFLBBMUS RTYKFY L OBN, OP IPFEM, UFPVSCH S CHUFTEFYMUS U OIN. h LPOGE LPOGPCH NShch PVB H UPRTCHPTSDEOYY OBYI BBYAAFBOFPCH CHCHMYY U RPUFPC PITBOEOYS, NEDMEOOP YOETEYYFEMSHOP DCHYOKHMYUSH OBCHUFTEYUH DTHZ DTHZH Y CHUFTEFYMYUSH ABOUT UETEDYOE OYYUKOPK RPM PUSCH.

zhTBOGKHULYK RPMLPCHOYL HFCHETSDBM, UFP H OEZP OEF OILBLYI RPMOPNPYUYK, RPFPNKH PO RTPUYF RTPRHUL DMS UCHPEZP BDYAFBOFB, LPFPTSHCHK RPCHPMYF ENH DPVTBFSHUS DP YFBV B EZP DYCHYYY. ABOUT CHUE FFP HYMP RPMOPUY. rPUME ffpzp rtpfychoyl chblkhytpchbmus y lPODE. h FSHMKH VTYZBDSH VSHCHM LPYNBT U PITBOPC Y FTBOURPTFYTPCHLPK CHPEOOPRMEOOOSCHI: YI ULPRIMPUSH OEULPMSHLP FSHCHUSYU. rPJCE S KhOBM, UFP 7-S FBOLPCHBS DYCHYYS, OBUFHRBCHYBS VPL P VPL U NPEK VTYZBDPK, YUFPVSHCH OE FETSFSH READING, UPCHETYMB CHUSH DOECHOPC RETEIPD RPD VEMSHCHN ZHMBZPN.

CHPKOIL CHPRTPU: VSHMP MY LFP RETETPTsDEOYE VPECHSCHI DEKUFCHYK SCHMEOYEN OPCHSCHN YMY CHUE FBL Y RTPYUIPDYMP U UBNPZP OBYUBMB? OE RTYYMPUSH MY OBN CHTSCHCHBFSH GENERAL ZTPNBDOSHCHE KHUREII X BTNYY, LPFPTBS TEYMB OE PLBSCCHBFSH ULPMSHLP-OYVHDSH UETSHOEOPZP UPRTPFYCHMEOYS? VSHCHMY MY ABOUT UBNPN DEME IPFSH LBLIE-OYVHDSH LTHROSCHE UTBTSEOIS?

CHETPSFOP, ZETNBOULPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP CH HRTBCHMEOYY CHPKULBNY Y CH FEIOYYUEULYI UTEDUFCHBI RTEKHCHEMYYUYCHBMP ЪBUMHZY OBYEK REIPFSCH. CHCHYDH PYUECHIDOPZP TBZTPNB RTPFYCHOYLB CHUE DBMSHOEKYE TSEFCHSHCH LBBMYUSH VEUUNSHUMEOOSCHNY. obyb REIPFB OE YNEMB CHPNPTSOPUFY RTPDENPOUFTCHBFSH, VSCHMB MY EE OBUFKHRBFEMSHOBS NPESh FBLPK CE, LBL CH 1914–1918 ZPDBI. FEN OE NOOEE, ABOUT NOPZYI HYBUFLBY POB UTBTSBMBUSH ZETPYUEULY.

fPMSHLP RPUTEDUFCHPN FTEJCHPZP, URPLPKOPZP SHCHLB CHPEOOPC YUFPTYY NPTsOP YЪVETSBFSH CHTEDPOUOSCHI RPUMEDUFCHYK ICHBUFMYCHPZP TERPTFBTSB, YULBTSBAEEZP TEBMSHOPUFSH.

RP UFBFYUFYUEULYN UCHPDLBN, PVEYE RPFETY U ZETNBOULPK UFPTPOSCH UPUFBCHMSAF 45 FSHCHUSYu Yuempchel, Y EUMY FP YUYUMP TBDEMYFSH RP PFDEMSHOSHCHN DYCHYYSN Y RP DOSN, FP RPFETY PLBCHFUS, LBL RYYHF ZBEFUYLY, "OERTBCCHDPRPDPVOP NBMSCHNY". rTPFICHOIL RPFETSM 1.5 NYMMYPOB RMEOOCHNY.

lPZDB S BOBMYYTPCHBM IPD LFPK CHPKOSHCH HCE CH NYTOSHCHE DOY, NEOS RPTBYMP RTEDDCHYDEOYE ZEOETBMB ZHPO UELFB, LPFPTPE CH FP CHTHENS DTHZYE CHPEOOSHCHE OE UNPZMY PGEOYFSH DPMTSOSCHN PVTBPN. UELF RTEDUFBCHMSM VHDHEHA CHPKOH LBL UTBTSEOIS NETSDH OEPPMSHYNY RTPZHEUUYPOMSHOSHCHNY BTNYSNNY, CH LPFPTSE CHPKDEF MYFB OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHI CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI UYM: RILITHAEYE VPNVBT DYTPCHEILY, FBOLPCHSHCHE YUBUFY, CHPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSHCHE CHPKULB. REIPFB CE, UZHPTNYTPCHBOOBS NBUUPCHSHCHN RTYYSHCHCHPN, DPMTSOB YZTBFSH RP UTBCHOEOYA U ONY RPDYUYOOOKHA TPMSh. iPD LFPK CHPKOSHCH RPDFCHETDYM, UFP UELF VSCHM BVUPMAFOP RTBC. OILFP OE UNPZ RTEDHZBDBFSH, YuFP TBHNOPE UPYEFBOYE UPCTHENEOOSCHI CHYDPCH CHPPTHTSEOIS FBL VSHCHUFTP RTYCHEDEF L KHUREIKH.

with Y UBN UYUYFBM, YUFP NPMOYEOPUOSCHK TBZTPN zhTBOGYY OCHETOSLB POBYUBEF PLPOYUBOYE CHPKOSHCH, YH FP CHETYMY NOPZYE. fBLFILB ЪBICHBFB FETTYFPTYY OE NPZMB VSCFSh RTYNEOYNB L OBYENKH ZMBCHOPNKH RTPFYCHOYLKH CHEMYLPVTYFBOYY RP FTEN RTYYUYOBN. ChP-RETCHSHI, POB YNEMB RTECHPUIPDUFCHP ABOUT NPTE, CH PFMYUYE PF DETTSBCH "PUY". ChP-ChFPTSCHI, POB VSCHMB UMEOPN UPDTKhTSEUFCHB, PICHBFSCHCHBCHYEZP RPMPCHYOKH NYTB. th OBLPOEG, NEOFBMSHOPUFSH BOZMYUBO PFMYUBMBUSH PF NEOFBMSHOPUFY OBUEMEOIS LPOFIOEOFBMSHOPK ECHTPRSCH. FP URPUPVEO RPOSFSh FPMSHLP FPF, LFP ZPDBNY CHOYNBFEMSHOP YI OBVMADBM. ZETNBOULBS YDES OBUYUEF FPZP, YuFP Ch DTHZYI UFTBOBI RTPUFSHCHE MADY CHPAAF CHUEZP MYYSH OB RTBCHSEHA RMHFPLTBFYA, BVUPMAFOP OERTYNEOYNB L BOZMYUBOBN. sing UTBTSBMYUSH ЪB YDEBMSCH, LPFPTSCHE OCHPЪNPTSOP VSCHMP RPOSFSH CH HUMPCHYSI ZYFMETCHULPZP TETSYNB. ZYFMET RTYЪSCHCHBM OBTPD YЪVBCHYFSHUS PF ЪBRBDOPK DENPLTBFYY LBL PF CHUEZP MYYSH "RBTMBNEOFULYI UCHBT, BTYZHNEFILY VPMSHYIOUFCHB Y LPTTHRGYY TSKHMYLPC". ABOUT UBNPN DEME YNEOOP DENPLTBFIYS PVEUREYUYCHBEF BOZMYYUBOBN MYYUOKHA UCHPPVDH, BLPO Y RPTSDPL, B FBLTS HCHBTSEOYE UEMPCHEYUEULPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB. bb fp poy zpfpshsch utbtsbfshus cheyuop.

18 YAOS 1940 ZPDB LBBMPUSH, UFP CHPKOB BLBOYUYCHBEFUS. oBUFHRMEOYE H BRBDOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY RTPDPMTSBMPUSH VE UREGYBMSHOSHCHI RTILBCH. oELPFPTPE UPRTPFYCHMEOYE NEUFOSHCHI TSYFEMEK NSC CHUFTEFYMY FPMSHLP CH BUUY. nOPTSEUFCHP RMEOOSCHI OBDP VSCHMP PFRTBCHMSFSH H FSM. DOEN VTYZBDB OBLPOEG RPMHYUYMB TBDYPZTBNNH YJ 7-K FBOLPCHPK DYCHYYY, LPFPTPK LPNBODPCHBM tPNNEMSH Y LPFPTPK NSC VSCHMY RTYDBOSCH: "DYCHYYS RTPDPMTSBEF BFBLCHBF W yETWHT. vTYZBDB joozetb dpmtsob yfkhtnpchbfsh yETVKhT UP UFPTPOSCH chbmpoy".

DEF RTEDUFPSMP CHCHDCHYZBFSHUS H UCHETIEOOOP YOPN OBRTBCHMEOYJ. oEULPMSHLP YUBUPCH S EIBM ABOUT ACCOUNTING YЪ CHYTB U PEKHEOYEN, UFP RPUMEDOYE CHSHCHUFTEMSHCH HTS PFZTENEMY. lPZDB NOE OBDP VSCHMP RETEVTBFSHUS Yuete NPUF CH LBTBOFBOE, NEUFOSHCHE TSYFEMY ULBBMY, UFP BOZMYYUBOE EZP CHPTCHBMY. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, RPVMY'PUFY CHYDOEMYUSH UMEDSCH PF UOBTSDPCH. nPTSEF VSHCHFSH, CHOPCHSH OBJOYOBAFUS VPI? h FFPF CHEETS DP chBMPOY HCE VSMP OE DPVTBFSHUS. with RFC VTYZBDH H OBRTBCHMEOYY ABOUT uEO-MP-lBTBOFBO, UFPVSCH U TBUUCHEFPN CHSHCHUFKHRIFSH CHDPMSH CHPUFPYuOPZP RPVETETSSHS RPMHPUFTCHB L yETVKHTH.

ABOUT TBUUCHEFE 19 YAMS, DPVTBCHYUSH DP YFBVB VTYZBDSHCH CH upFECHYME, S HOBM, UFP UP CHUEETBYOEZP DOS YUBUFY 7-K FBOLPCHPK DYCHYYY DYMYY HCE DP BRBDOSCHI RTYZPTPDCH yETVKhTB, OE CHUFTEFICH OILBLPZP UPRTPFICHMEOYS. NPS VTYZBDB DPMTSOB VSCHMB OBUFHRBFSH U ChPUFPLB.

with OE IPFEM CHUFTEYUBFSHUS U TPNNEMEN, YUFPVSCH CH DBMSHOEKYEN VSHCHFSH VPMEE UCHPPVPDOSCCHN CH UCHPYI TEYOYISI, RPFPPNH RPRTPUYM, YUFPVSCH EZP OE VEURPLPIMY. NPY VBFBTEY 100-NYMMYNEFTPCHSCHI PTHDYK VSCHMY RETECHEDEOSCH ABOUT RPYGYY, UZMBUPCHBOOSCHE U BTFYMMETYEK DYCHYY TPNNEMS, Y PFSCHEYUBMY ABOUT PZPOSH RTPFYCHOYLB, LPFPTSHCHK FOR THAN U CHOEYOYI HLTERMEOYK H ZMHVSH UKHY, ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN RP LPNNHOILBHYSN.

rP NETE RPDIPDB VBFBMSHPOSH OBRTBCHMSMYUSH O B A Z H PVIPD yETVKhTB, B BLFEN TBCHPTBYUYCHBMYUSH ABOUT ACCOUNT L RPVETETSSHHA. pVUFBOPCHLB H GEMPN PUFBCHBMBUSH OESUOPK. NSCH CHYDEMY, LBL DEUSFLY NPTSLPCH VEZHF U CHENEYLBNY H ZMHVSH UKHY, RPFPNKh YuFP ChPKOB DMS OII HCE BLPOYUYMBUSH. OP yETVKhT CHUE EEE PVPTPOSMUS, DP OBU DPOPUYMBUSH UMBVBS, OP OERTETSCHOBS BTFYMMETYKULBS RETEUFTEMLB.

RETCHSHCHK VBFBMShPO, CHUFKHRYCHYYK CH VPK, OBFLOKHMUS ABOUT NIOOSCHE VBZTBTSDEOYS Y VSCHM CHSHCHOKHTSDEO YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH FTSEMSHCHE PTHDYS. dTKhZPK VBFBMSHPO VSCHM CHSHDEMEO DMS PIChBFSHCHCHBAEEZP NBOECTB H CHPUFPYUOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. yURPMSHЪKhS DPTPZKH U CHSHCHUPLYNY YЪZPTPDSNY, ENH HDBCHBMPUSH HLTSCCHBFSHUS PF MAVPZP RTPFYCHPDEKUFCHYS RTPFYCHOYLB. with TEYM PFRTBCHYFSHUS ABOUT UCHPEK NBYOE CHNEUFE U FPC LPMOOPC. pVUFBOPCHLB OBUBMB RTPSUOSFShUS. OECHDBMELE UMSCHYBMYUSH RTYZMHIEOOOSCHE CHSHCHUFTEMSHCH, RHMY UCHYUFEMI NYNP NPEP HIB, YNOE RPLBBMPUSH, UFP LFP-FP RSHCHFBEFUS NEOS HVYFSH. lPZDB NSCH RTPYUEUSCHCHBMY RTYMEZBAEKHA NEUFOPUFSH, YЪ HLTSHCHFIS CHCHMY DCHPE NPTSLCH U RPDOSFSCHNY THLBNY, OP OILBLPZP PTHTSYS RTY OII OE OBYMY.

rTYDETTSYCHBSUSH VETEZPCHPK RPMPUSCH, ABOUT RPMOPK ULPTPUFY WITH CHEM VBFBMSHPO RP HHLPK DPTPZEL yETVKHTH. oEUNPFTS ABOUT FP UFP YMB CHPKOB, CHUE CHPLTHZ VSCHMP HDYCHYFEMSHOP RTELTBUOSCHN: URTBCHB RETEBLFSCCHBMYUSH ABOUT UPMOG ZPMHVPCHBFSHCHE CHPMOSHCH, B H ZBCHBOY DP OYEVU CHJSCHNBMYUSH CEMFSHCHE LMHVSHCH RMBNEOY PF ZPTSEYI OEZHFEITBOIMYE. PTHDYS ABOUT CHOEYOYI VETEZPCHSCHI HLTERMEOYSI NPMYUBMY. DEFINING VSHCHMY CHIDOSCH Y CHEUSH ZPTPD, Y CHUS ZBCHBOSH. UMECHB CHSCHUFHRBMB CHPCHSHCHIEOOOBS YUBUFSH ZPTPDB Y RTPUNBFTYCHBMYUSH CHOHFTEOOOYE HLTERMEOYS. h GEMSI VEЪPRBUOPUFY NSCH CHEMY OBVMADEOYE ЪB MYOYEK VETEZPCHPZP HUFHRB, YuEFLP RTPUMETSYCHBENPK ABOUT ZHPOE ZPMHVPZP OEVB. UMECHB Y U FSHMB CHUE EEE DPOPUYMYUSH JSCHLY UMBVPK RETEUFTEMLY FBN, ZDE OBY RETCHSHCHK VBFBMSHPO CHUFKHRIM CH VPK Y RPRBM ABOUT NYOOPE ЪBZTBTSDEOYE.

lPZDB NPS NBYOB DPVTBMBUSH DP GEOFTTB ZPTPDB, ABOUT PFLTSCHFPK RMPEBDY RETED ZBCHBOSH S HCHYDEM LPOOKHA UFBFHA oBRPMEPOB. lPTUYLBOEG HLBSCCHBM RTBCHPK THLPK CH UFPTPOH BOZMYY. fPZDB, LBL Y UEKYUBU!

h RPMOPK FYYOYOE LP NOE RPDPYEM OBYUBMSHOIL YETVKhTULPZP ZBTOYPOB Y PYASCHYM P UDBYUE FETTYFPTYY, ZBCHBOY Y UCHPEZP ZBTOYPOB. oELPFPTPE CHTENS NShch NPMYUB UFPSMY MYGPN DTHZ L DTHZH, PFDBCHBS YuEUFSH. ъBFEN PO RTYZMBUIM NEOS CH TBFHYH, HERE EDUCATION OEFEFETREYY PTSYDBM ZPTPDULPK UPCHEF. with RTYCHEFUFCHPCHBM UPVTBCHYIUS LTBFLPK TEYUSHA. vschm UPUFBCHMEO FELUF RETCHPZP RMBLBFB-PVTBEEOYS RP RPCHPDKh PLLHRBGYY. rPFPN RPSCHYMUS ZOEETBM TPNNEMSH, CHEUSHNB PVEURPLPEOOSHK FEN, UFP VTYZBDB IOZETB PRETEDYMB EZP DYCHYYA CH PLTHTSEOY ZPTPDB. NEUFOBS ZBEFB, PRYUSCHCHBS CHЪSFYE yETVKhTB, RTYRYUBMB NPEK VTYZBDE "PRETBGYA PLTHTSEOIS CH FTBDYGYPOOPK NBOETE ZETNBOULPZP ZEOETBMShOPZP YFBVB".

pLLHRYTPCHBOOKHA FETTYFPTYA RTEDUFPSMP PYUYUFYFSH PF RTPFICHOYLB. at RPMHPUFTCHB RTYYMPUSH PFRTBCHYFSH REYLPN RP LFBRH 12 FSHCHUSYU RMEOOSHCHI.

h FFPF, RP CHUENH RPUMEDOYK, DEOSH VPECHNOE BIPFEMPUSH EEE TB IPTPYP RPPVEDBFSH, J S PFRTBCHYMUS CH PFEMSH, LPFPTSCHK, LBL PLBBMPUSH, VSCHM TELCHYYTPCHBO DMS TBULCCHBTFYTPCH BOYS 120 RMEOOSCHI NPTULYI PZHYGETCH. CHETSMYCHP RPRTYCHEFUFCHBCH, YI UFBTYYK PZHYGET RTYZMBUIM NEOS CH UCHPK PFDEMSHOSHCHK OPNET Y RTYUFBCHYM CH LBYUEUFCHE DEOEILB PYUEOSH RTYMYUOPZP U CHYDH NBFTPUB. fBLYN PVTBBPN, S RPPVEDBM CH PDYOPYUEUFCHE CH LBYUEUFCHE ZPUFS NPYI CHPEOOPRMEOOSHCHI. DEOSH YMY DCHB URHUFS S OBOEU CHYYIFSHCH YEFSHCHTEN BDNYTBMBN Y DCHHN ZEOETBMBN. CUFTEYUB VSCHMB RTPIMBDOPK, LTBFLPK Y ZHPTNBMSHOPC.

dBMEE RP RTYLBJH tPNNEMS VTYZBDDB RETENEUFIMBUSH L chBMPOY. FERETSH CHUE IPFEMI NYTB Y URPLPKUFCHYS. h OEPPMSHYPK TBFHYE WITH PVUKHTsDBM U NTPN ZPTPDB PVTBEEOYE L OBUEMEOYA. yFY RETEZPCHPTSHCH OBRPNYOBMY OELHA FEBFTBMSHOHA RPUFBOPCHLH, HERE WITH VSCHM PDOCHTENEOOP Y BLFETPN Y TYFEMEN. RP PDOH UFPTPOH UFPMB GO NT Y DCHPE EZP UPCHEFOILPCH, B RP DTKhZHA S U DCHNS PZHYGETBNY. bB PLOPN GBTYMP URPLPKUFCHYE TsBTLPZP MEFOEZP DOS, B H RPNEEEOYY VSHMP RTPIMBDOP, Y BFNPUZHETB NBMEOSHLPZP ZPTPDLB OBCHECHBMB DTENPPHKh. CHUE FFP DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP NBMP PFMYUBMPUSH PF BUEDBOYS ZPTPDULPZP UPCHEFB CH NYTOPE CHTENS. NT RTPYCHPDYM CHEYUBFMEOYE RPTSYMPZP ZPURPDYOB, RTYCHSHLYEZP L LTBUYCHPK TSOYOYE. EZP UELTEFBTSH VSHCHM PYUEOSH RPYUFYFEMEO YOE RTPSCHMSM OILBLPK CHTBTSDEVOPUFY. eUMY LFP-FP Y UPCHEFOILPCH CHSHCHTBTSBM OEUPZMBYE, NT UFBOPCHYMUS ZTHVSHCHN Y VEUGETENPOOSCHN. RETECHPDS ZETNBOULYK HLB ABOUT ZHTBOGHULYK SHCHL, PO BVUPMAFOP OE FETSM UCHPEZP DPUFPYOUFCHB. FP VSHCHM RTYSFOSHK NPNEOF LBOGEMSTULPK TBVPFSHCH, RPLBCHYKUS OELPK YDYMMYEK RPUME OERTETSCHCHOPZP OBUFHRMEOYS Y JSCHLPCH RETEUFTEMLY. with RP CHPNPTSOPUFY CHUSYUEULY SBFSZYCHBM RETEZPCHPTSHCH, YUFPVSCH RTPDMYFSH RTPYUIPDSEIK RETEDP NOPC DCHPKOPK RPEDYOPL NTB YFBM RTPUFP UMHYUBKOSHCHN RTPFYCHOYLPN, Y UP UCHPYNY UPVUFCHEOOOSCHNY YOBLPNSHUMSEYNY UPFTKHDOILBNY, U LPFPTSCHNY BY CHUE VPMEE OE UZMBYBMUS.

yb-b UETSHESHI RTPVMEN U PFRTBCHLPK RMEOOSHHI NSC RETEVTBMYUSH ABOUT LPTPFLPE CHTENS CH uEO-mP. bFEN YFBV VTYZBDSH RETEEIBM H nBTFYOUCHBBUF.

RPUME BLMAYUEOYS RETENYTYS RPSCHYMBUSH OBLPOEG CHPNPTSOPUFSH PFDPIOHFSH. with HETTSBM Y TBURPMPTSEOIS VTYZBDSH Y NEDMEOOP EIBM RP RHUFSHHOOSCHN UEMSHULYN DPTPZBN U YI VEULPOEYUOSCHNY Y'ZYVBNY, RPDYAENBNY Y URHULBNY. TSYCHSHE Y'ZPTPDY CHSHCHUPFPK U DPN BLTSCHCHBMY, LBL RTBCHYMP, CHYD ABOUT CHUE, YUFP VSHMP RP UFPTPOBN DPTPZY. FP Y DEMP NEMSHLBMY OEPPMSHYE DPNYYLY, UVBTSCHE, LBL PLTEUFOSHCHE ZPTSHCH, SOY VSCHMY RPUFTPEOSCH Y LBNOEK, UPVTBOOSCHI DEUSH TSE ABOUT RPMSI, Y PLTHSEOSHCH UBDNY, RPMOSHCHNY GCHEFCH. yuBUFEOSHLP DPN VSHCHM RTPUFP HLTSCHF TPBNY. GCHEFOILY RETED JBUBDBNY CHSCHZMSDEMY PYUBTPCHBFEMSHOP. lPZDB NBYOB PLBSCCHBMBUSH ABOUT THE FOURTH PUETEDOPZP RPDYAENB, CHYD CHDBMY SCHMSM ACCOUNTING FOR THE ASSISTANCE OF HELP IN PROPERTY VKHTHOBNY, B CHOYIKH CHYDOEMYUSH VHIFSCH IN TSEMFSHCHNY RMSTSBNY Y TB VYCHBAEYKUS CH DMYOOSCHE VEMSHCHE MYOYY RTYVPK. rTEPDPMECH EEE OEULPMSHLP NEERPDPVOSHI Y'ZYVPCH, NBYOB RPDYAEIBMB L DAOBN, Y CHUS TBULYOKHCHYBSUS RETEDP NOPC VHIFB RTYOBDMETSBMB NOE PDOPNKH. vHIFB VSCHMB OBUFPMSHLP RHUFSHCHOOPC, UFP DBCE FEOY ULPMSHSEEK OBD OEK YUBKLY PLBBMPUSH DPUFBFPYuOP, YUFPVSCH S CHDTPZOHM. YKHN RTYVPS KHUYMYCHBM LFP PEHEEOOYE PDYOPYUUFCHB. obvezbaeye CHPMOSCHI BUFBCHMSMY NEO RPDRTSHCHZYCHBFSH, B HVEZBAEYE UOPCHB RTPYuOP UFBCHYMY NEOS ABOUT OPZY, PNSCHCHBS REULPN Y VEMPK REOPK.

yOPZDB S CHCHETSBM ABOUT UCHETP-CHPUFPYUOKHA PLPOEYUOPUFSH RPMHPUFTCHB CH vBTZHMIT. h RETCHSHCHK TB, 20 YAOS, FFPF ZPTPD EEE OE VSCHM OBYNY CHPKULBNY. tsYFEMI LBBMYUSH TPVLINY Y YURHZBOOSCHNY. BYUBUFHA POY UFPSMY CHDPMSH UFEO U RPDOSFCHNY THLBNY. OP LPZDB S OERTYOKHTSDEOOP ЪBZPCHBTYCHBM U OYNY ABOUT RTPUFPN ZHTBOGHULPN, SOY VSHCHUFTP PFFBYCHBMY. x CHIPDB CH ZBCHBOSH TBURPMPTSYMBUSH UFBTBS, PFLTSCHFBS CHUEN CHEFTBN GETLPCHSH. vHIFB PLBBMBUSH SBVYFPK TSCHVPMPCHEGLYNY UHDBNY, LPFPTSHCHN OE TBTEYBMPUSH CHSHCHIPDYFSH H NPTE. UPMOEYUOSCHK UCHEF YZTBM ABOUT YI TBOPGCHEFOSCHI RBTKHUBI. uHRTKhZB IPSYOB ZPUFYOYGSCH RP-TSEOULY DTHTSEMAVOP CHEMB UEVS UP CHUENY LMYEOFBNY, VKHDSH FP ZHTBOGHULYE TSCHVBLY YMY OENEGLIE PZHYGETSCHCH. fBN OE VSHMP YDEBMSHOPK YUYUFPFSCH, B S CHOHFTEOOOE HTS OE PEKHEBM ABOUT UEVE CHPEOOPC ZHPTNSCH, CH RPMOPK NET OBUMBTsDBSUSH TBDPUFSHHA VSCFSh RTPUFP YuEMPCHELPN UTEDY DTHZYI MADEK.

derbtfbneof ymsh-y-chymeo

h UPPFCHEFUFCHY Y RTYLBPN S RTYOSM H LPOGE LPOGCH H ZPTPDE THEO HRTBCHMEOYE LFYN DERBTFBNEOFPN. ZPTPD VSHCHM ЪBRMOEO VETSEOGBNY, CH PUOPCHOPN FENY, LFP IPFEM CHETOKHFSHUS CH UCHPY DPNB, OP YI RTYIPDYMPUSH PUFBOBCHMYCHBFSH, RPFPNKh YuFP YN OE TBTEYBMPUSH CHAYETSBFSH CH RT YVTETSOHA YPOKH.

CHUE LBBTNSCH VSCHMY BRPMOEOSCH RMEOOSCHNY. at RPNPESHA ZHTBOGKHULYI PZHYGETPCH, CHTBYUK Y ZPTPDULYI YUYOPCHOYLPCH CHUE HDBMPUSH, FBL YMYY YOBYUE, HMBDYFSH. h YNRTPCHYYTPCHBOOPN RBMBFPYuOPN MBZETE RPD OBCHBOYEN yBN-DE-nBTU UPDETSBMBUSH UNEYBOOBS ZTHRRB UEOEZBMSHGECH Y BMTSYTGECH.

about CEMEЪOPDPTPTSOPN CHPLBME OEEBBDPMZP DP RTYIPDB OENGECH BCHYBVPNVB HZPDYMB CH RPEJD, OBZTHTSEOOSCHK CHTSCHCHYUBFLPK. fBN, ZDE ON UFPSM, FERETSH YSMB PZTPNOBS CHPTPOB DMYOPK OEULPMSHLP UPFEO NEFTCH Y UFP NEFTCH YYTYOPK. TSDPN U OEK UFPSMY FTY YMY YUEFSCHTE UPUFBCHB, ULTHUEOOOSCH H VEUZHPTNEOOHA NBUUH, B OELPFPTSHCHE CHBZPOSHCH PLBBMYUSH CHSHVTPYEOOSCHNY CH YUYUFPE RPME. ZPCHPTYMY, UFP CH LFYI RPEDBI RPZYVMP NOPZP BOZMYKULYI UPMDBF.

UYMSCH, LPFPTSCHE RTYDBCHBMYUSH BDNYOYUFTBGYY FSCHMPCHSHI YUBUFEK, VSCHMY SCHOP OEDPUFBFPYUOSCH. ChPKULB Y YFBVSCH DYCHYYK PYUEOSH OEPIPFOP BOINBMYUSH CHPOYLBAEYNY RTPVMEMBNY. NPS VTYZBDB RPMOPUFSHHA BOINBMBUSH PITBOPC RMEOOSCHI. RPD NPE LPNBODPCHBOYE RETEYMY YUKHTSIE RPMLY, LPFPTSHNY LPNBODPCHBMY MADY UFBTYE NEO.

UYFKHBGYS HUKHZHVMSMBUSH PUMBVMEOYEN DYUGYRMYOSCH CH CHPKULBI, X CHUEI, PF TSDPCHPZP DP LPNBODYTB VBFBMSHPOB, VSCHMP MYYSH PDOP TSEMBOYE RPULPTEE CHETOHFSHUS DPNPC. lPZDB POI URTBYCHBMY NEOS, LBL DPMZP YN RTEDUFPYF PUFBCHBFSHUS DEUSH, S OEYNEOOP PFCHEYUBM: DCHB YMY FTY ZPDB. pVSCHUOP LFP CHSHCHCHCHBMP OEDPKHNEOYE, RPFPNKH YUFP CHUE DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP UYUYFBMY, YUFP CHPKOB BLPOYUEOB YMY YUFP YI OENEDMEOOP DPMTSOSH PFTBTCHYFSH H BOZMYA, YUFPVSHCH BLCHETYYFSH E E FBN. rPIPTSE, RPUME BLMAYUEOYS NYTB OILFP OE RTEDRPMBZBM CHPNPTSOPUFY DMYFEMSHOPK PLLHRBGYY.

chMBUFY DERBTFBNEOFB BOINBMYUSH RTPVMENBNY CHPCHTBEEOYS VECEOGECH, PVEUREYUEOYS MADEK TBVPFPK, DEOETSOPZP PVTBEEOIS, FPCHBTPPVNEOB ABOUT PLLHRITCHBOOPK FETTYFPTYY, OYICBFLY UN BPUOSHI NBFETYBMPCH Y ZPFPCHYMYUSH L OPTNYTPCHBOYA RTPDHLFPCH RYFBOYS.

LBCDPE HFTP S LEAVING H EBME DMS UPCHEEBOYK H ZPTPDULPK TBFHYE. UMECHB PF NEOS TBURPMBZBMUS NT, URTBCHB OENEGLYK LPNEODBOF TBKPOB, OBRTPFICH RTEDUFBCHYFEMY ZPTPDULYI Y TBKPOOSCHI CHMBUFEK PE ZMBCHE U RTEZHELFPN. rPUMEDOYK VSCHM OECHSHCHUPLPZP TPUFB NHTSYUYOB, CHEUSHNB UNSCHYMEOSCHK, OP OE CHCHZMSDECHYK RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOSHCHN. rPOBYUBMH ON UDEMBM OEULPMSHLP RPRSCHFPL USCZTBFSH ABOUT RHVMYLH, CHPTBTSBS RTPFYCH RPCHBMSHOSHCHI OENEGLYI TELCHYYGYK. lPZDB RPOSM, UFP OYUEZP LFYN OE DPVSHEFUS, OBYUBM UPFTKHDOYUBFSH U OBNY, YCH LPOGE LPOGCH NETSDH OIN Y NPK HUFBOPCHYMPUSH FBKOPE UZMBUYE RTPFICH CHUI OYUFPTSEUVCH RP P VE UFPTPOSCH UFPMB. CHULPTE PO HTS UBN FTEVPCHBM, UFPVSCH PVIPDYMYUSH VE YOYI. oENEGLYK LPNEODBOF TsBMPCHBMUS, UFP OE Ch UPUFPSOYY HUMEDYFSH OB IPDPN BUEDBOYK, LPFPTSCHE WITH CHEM RP-ZHTBOGHULY. OP RTY FBLPN PVYAENE TBVPFSCH X NONOSOE VSCHMP READING ABOUT LFPZP RPTSYMPZP PZHYGETB, LPFPTSCHK IPFS Y YNEM PUPVSHCHE RPMONPPUYS, OP VSCHM BVUPMAFOP OELPNREFEOFEO H CHPRTPUBI LPOPNYLY . h UPRTCHPTSDEOYY RTEZHELFB S PVYAETSBM FBLTS OELPFPTSCHE TBKPOSHCH DERBTFBNEOFB, OBRTYNET RTPNSCHYMEOOSHK GEOPFT CH JHCETE, ZDE RTPUFBYCHBMP LTHROPE PVCCHOPE RTPYCHPDUFCHP. LTPNE TEZHMSCHI BUEDBOYK, VSCCHBMY Y PFDEMSHOSHCHE VEUEDSC U RTPNSCHYMEOOILBNY, U BTIYERYULPRPN, B FBLTS U CHMBDEMSHGBNY BLTSCHFSCHI BCCHEDEOYK U RMPIPK TERHFBGYEK. vPMSHYHA YUBUFSH READING F THEE VSCHMP NOPZP TBVPFSCH Y NBMP PFDSCHIB. oP LBL FPMSHLP RTYCHEMY MPIBDEK, S UNPZ, RP LTBKOEK NETE, BOINBFSHUS CHETICHPK EDDPK.

pDOBCDSCH H NEUFOPN LBZHE PE CHTENS HTSYOB b UPUEDOYN UFPMYLPN PLBBMBUSH PDOB DBNB. ChPTBUFPN ЪB RSFSHDEUSF, OE UMYYLPN BTYUFPLTBFYUEULPZP CHYDB, OP YOFETEUOBS. at OEK VSHMP FTPE NHTSYUYO, DCHPE UFBTYE, PYO NPMPTS EE. h DEUSFSH CHEYUETB CHPEOOSHK RBFTHMSH RTEMPTSYM ZTBTSDBOULYN MYGBN RPLYOHFSH BCCHEDEOYE, PZHYGETBN TBTEYBMPUSH PUFBCHBFSHUS DP PDYOOBDGBFY. pDYO YЪ RPTSYMSHI NHTSYUYO ЪB UPUEDOYN UFPMYLPN ЪBNEFIYM NOE U HMSCHVLPK, UFP PYUEOSH FSCEMP VSHCHFSH ZTBTSDBOULYN. with DBM ENH RPOSFSH, UFP PO NPTCEF PUFBCHBFSHUS ЪDEUSH DPMSHIE, Y FP SCHYMPUSH LBL VSC UYZOBMPN DMS PUFBMSHOSHCHI, RPFPNKh UFP CHULPTE CHUE PO HTS UYDEMY ЪB UFPMPN BICHBFYULPCH Y RTEDMBZBMY CHSHCHRYFSH U OYNY RP UFBLBOYUYLKH CHYOB. DP RPMHOPUY TBZPCHPT LTHFIYMUS CHPLTHZ RPMYFYLY. FFPF ZPURPDYO VSHCHM ChTBYUPN-TEOFZEOPMPZPN, ChFPTPK RPTSYMPK NHTSYUYOB NHTs FPK DBNShch PLBBMUS FPTZPCHGEN Y ZPCHPTYM NBMP. nPMPDK YuEMPCHEL CHMBDEM DBNULPK RBTILNBIETULPK, ​​Y OB OEN METsBMB ЪBVPFB P RTYUEULE NBDBN.

lPZDB CH UHNBFPIE VEULPOEYUOPK RETEVTPULY CHPKUL NEOS ЪBOEUMP CH DTHZYE NEUFB, OBYUBMBUSH VPMEE URPLPKOBS TJOYOSH. th CHUE-FBLY NOE TsBMSh VSCHMP PUFBCHMSFSH HRTBCHMEOYE DERBTFBNEOPFPN, ZDE RTYIPDYMPUSH BOINBFSHUS CHUENY UZHETBNY EZP TSOYOY Y CHEUFY DEMB VPMEE YMYY NEOEE UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP.

h mBOSHPOE NPS VTYZBDB ЪBOSMB PVIYTOSCHK HYBUFPL DMS PVTPPOSH RPVETETSSHS. UBN mBOSHPO PLBBMUS OEPPMSHYN UINRBFYUOSCHN ZPTPDLPN. MYUOSCHK UPUFBCH YFBVB RTECHPUIPDOP TBNEUFYMUS H VPMSHOYGE, B LPNBODOSHK UPUFBCH HUFTPMUS H VEEKHRTEYUOPN NBMEOSHLPN PFEME. y NPEZP PLOB PFLTSCHCHBMUS CHYD ABOUT TELKH Y VPMSHYPE ЪDBOYE NPOBUFSHCHTS, RPUFTPEOOPE YЪ UETPZP LBNOS, FBL IBTBLFETOPZP DMS FFK YUBUFY UFTBOSHCH. ABOUT VETEZH TELY GO AWAY, ZTESUSH ABOUT HELP, OEULPMSHLP UFBTHYEL CH LHDEMSHLBI. lPZDB S RPRSHCHFBMUS ЪBZPCHPTYFSH U PDOPK YЪ OII, POB CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSh RPTSMBMB HOBFSH, BOZMYYUBOYO S YMY OENEG, Y, RPMKHYUCH PFCHEF, UFBMB REYUBMSHOPK Y OETBZCHPTYUY CHPK.

lPZDB, VKHDHYU RTPEEDPN CH uEO-nBMP, S OBCHEUFIM UCHPEZP UFBTPZP DTHZB iLU, ChMBDEMShGB "pFEMSH-DE-MB-NET", PO OE ULTSHCHBM UCHPEK TBDPUFY. sing at the TsEPK TBUURTBYCHBMY NEOS P r. Y RTPUYMY RETEDBFSH EK UBNSHCHE FARMSCHE RPTSEMBOIS. eUFEUFCHEOOP, VSHCHM BLBBO PNBT. rPLB YFBVOSHCHE PZHYGETSCH RYMY BRETYFYCH CH OEVPMSHYPN ZPTPDULPN LBZHE, S RTEDUFBCHMSM UEVE, LBL NEUSHE RYE OPUIFUS RP uEO-nBMP CH RPYULBI UBNPZP VPMSHYPZP PNBTB. RETED PVEDPN CH PFEME, DP FPZP LBL NSC RPDOSMYUSH RP HЪLPK MEUFOIGE CH UFPMPCHHA ABOUT CHFPTPK SFBTs, UOPCHB VSCHMY RTYCHEFUFCHYS. iPSKLB UBNB RTYZPFPCHYMB PVED Y, LPZDB PO VSCHM ЪBCHETEO, ChPYMB CH LPNOBFKH. lTBFLP RTYLBBCH UMHTSBOLE CHSHKFY, POB PYASCHYMB, UFP UEKYUBU VHDEF PFLHRPTEOB VKhFSCHMLB YBNRBOULPZP.

lTPNE IPSYOB Y IPSKLY, FBN RTYUHFUFCHPCHBMB HER DECHSOPUFPMEFOSS VBVHYLB. th HCE OE CH RETCHSHCHK TB LFB UFBTHIB TBUULBJSCHCHBMB YUFPTYA P FPN, LBL CH 1870 ZPDKh ChP CHTENS RTHUULPK PLLHRBGYY HNET HER RETCHEOYEG. FERETSH POB, CHYDYNP, FPCE ULPTP HNTEF. POB OBIPDYMB OBU "PYUBTPCHBFEMSHOSHCHNY" Y RPUSHMBMB CHPDHYOSCHE RPGEMHY. EE VEURPLPIMP FPMSHLP, UFP "NSCH NPZMY HVYFSH HER DEFEK". NEUSHE VSCHM VPMEE RTPUCHEEEOOCHN. PO IPTPYP OBM ZETNBOYA Y CHEUSH CHEETS RTCHEM H TBZPCHPTBI P RPMYFILE. nBDBN, HCE RPUEDECHYBS, VSCMB Ch VEMPN JBTFHLE. vMEDOPUFSH HER MYGB RPDYUETLYCHBMB STLP-LTBUOBS RPNBDB ABOUT ZHVBI. POB CHUE EEE CHSCZMSDEMB RTYCHMELBFEMSHOPC, X OEE VSCHMY PYUEOSH NBMEOSHLIE THLY Y OPZY. CHEMB POB UEVS UCHPPVPDOP, LBL ZTBOD-DBNB, Y VSCHMB RPMOB PYUBTPCHBOIS. its CHPMOPCHBMP, UFP ZHVOHA RPNBDH NPZHF ЪBRTEFYFSH, B FP RPMPTSYF LPOEG HER MEZLPNKH LPLEFUFCHH, TBDY LPFPTPZP Y UFPYMP TSYFSH.

rPMYFYYUEULYE TBZPCHPTSHCH LFYI VHTTSHB (CH PFMYUYE PF RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK CHSHCHUIYI UMPECH PVEEUFCHB) RPYUFY CHUEZDB UPDETSBMY UFP-OYVHDSH H FBLPN TPDE:

FERETSCH CHSCH UPCHB CHSMY CHETI, LBL NSCH CH 1918 ZPDKh. uOBYUBMB RPVETSDBEN, RPFPN RTPIZTSCHCHBEN H LFPN OBYB UBNBS VPMSHYBS VEDB. ChSh FTHDYMYUSH, B NShch VEDEMSHOYUBMY. x ChBU VSHMP YZHZHELFYCHOP DEKUFCHHAEEEE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP, B GENERAL OYUFPTSEUFCHP. ZMBCHOSCHK RTEUFKHROYL LFP FTSRLB dBMBDSHE, LPFPTSCHK CHUE YEUFSH MEF, RPLB VSCHM CHPEOOSHCHN NYOYUFTPN, RTEOEVTEZBM OBYN CHPPTKhTSEOYEN, EZP OBDP TBUUFTEMSFSH. LBL CHUEZDB, BL CHUE TBURMBUYCHBEFUUS NBMEOSHLIK YUEMPCHEL, B VPMSHYYE YYYLY YЪVEZBAF OBLBEBOIS.

LFB ChPKOB VSHMB OE OBUFPSEBS. hCHYDECH, YuFP BOZMYYUBOE VTPUYMY OBU CH VEDE, Y PVOBTHTSYCH, YUFP NSCH OE YNEEN OYUEZP TBCHOPZP CHBYN FEIOYYUEULYN UTEDUFCHBN CHBYN RILITHAEYN VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLBN Y FBOL BN, NSC CHFBKOE HCE OBUFTPIMYUSH ABOUT LBRYFHMSGYA. u FFPZP NPNEOFB LFB ChPKOB UFBMB ChPKOPK VE RPMEK UTBTSEOIK, VE PZOECHSCHI RPYGYK, VE BFBL REIPFSCH Y DMSEYIUS GEMSCHNY DOSNNY VPECH. LBL HVEDYMYUSH GENERAL VETSEOGSCH, FBN OE PUFBMPUSH OYUEZP, LTPNE TBTHYEOOSCHI ZPTPDCH Y CHETEOYG TBVIFSCHI Y UPTTSEOOSCHI CHBZPOCH. b NETSDH ONYNY NYTOBS Y OECHTEDYNBS UEMSHULBS NEUFOPUFSH, RP LPFPTPK CHSH NPZMY YUBUBNY OBRTPMEF ZOBFSH UCHPY NBYOSCHCH. DMS OBU LFP PLBBMPUSH DPTPZPUFPSSEIN RPTBTSEOEN, B DMS CBU RPMOPK RPVEDPK VE PUPVSHCHI BFTTBF.

OBN YOFETEUOP HOBFSH, UFP ABOUT UBNPN DEME RTEDUFBCHMSEF UPVPK OBGIPOBM-UPGIBMYIN. NSCH OBEN FPMSHLP FP, UFP PO UDEMBM CHBY LPOPNYLKH YUTECHSHCHUBKOP YZHZHELFYCHOPK Y KHUREYOPK. y CHUE-FBLY OILFP OE NPTSEF PVYASUOYFSH OBN EZP RPMYFYUEULHA RTPZTBNNH.

'DEUSH UTEDY TBOPZP TPDB NEMA'ZY CH OE UFPMLOEFEUSH U UIMSHOPK CHTBTSDEVOPUFSHHA. oP OE PVNBOSCCHCHBKFEUSH ABOUT FFPF UYUEF. vKhTTSHB, Ch RTpympn RTBChSEYE CHP ZhTBOGYY, CHUEZDB VKHDHF OBUFTPEOSCH L CHBN CHTBTSDEVOP, RPULPMSHLKH CHBY TETSYN OEYMEYUYNSHCHE TBOSHCH FEN UMPSN PVEEUFCHB, U LPFPTSHNY POI UCHSBO Щ, ECHTESN, ZHTBOLNBUPOBN Y LBFPMYUEULPK GETLCHY.

eumy chshch o chufteyubefe jeush pupvpk chtbtsdevopufy, fp fp zmbchoshchn pvtbjpn rp yufptyuyeulyn rtyuyobn ch yfyi NEUFBI OILPZDB OE MAVIMY BOZMYUBO. sing OBU PYUEOSH UYMSHOP RPDCHEMY. y FERETSH NSCH CHYDYN CHEUSHNB ЪBNEFOHA TBOYGH NETSDH YI BTNYEK Y CHBYEK. NSCH YUBUFP DKHNBEN, KhTs OE ZTEYN MY, LPZDB CHYDYN PVTBIGPCHPE RPCHEDEOYE CHBYI UPMDBF, P LPFPTSCHI NSCH OBUMHYBMYUSH HTSBUCH YЪ TERPTTFBTSEK CHP CHTHENS rPMSHULPK LBNRBOYY. OBN FTHDOP UCHCHLOHFSHUS U VMBZPRTYSFOSHCHN CHEYUBFMEOYEN, LPFPTPE RTPIYCHPDYF CHBYB BTNYS, RPFPNH YuFP OENGSHCH CHEDHF UEVS MKHYUYE, Yuen VTYFBOULIE Y DBCE ZHTBOGHULYE CHPKULB, UV PSCHYE CH FIYI NEUFBI.

fBL ZPCHPTYMY NEUFOSHCHE TSYFEMY, Y LFP CH PUOPCHOPN UPCHRBDBMP U FEN, UFP TBUULBSHCHCHBMY RMEOOSCHE ZHTBOGKHULYE UPMDBFSCH. OP U DTKhZPK UFPTPOSCH, ZHTBOGKHULYE PZHYGETSCH ITBOYMY CHETSMYCHPE NPMYUBOYE, FBL TSE LBL NEUFOSHCHE BTYUFPLTBFSCH Y BTIYERYULPR.

zhTBOGHULYE LCHBTFYTSCH

CEOB ZTBZhB r. Ch nBTFYOUCHBBUFE PLBBMBUSH OENLPK, Ch DECHYUEUFCHE POB VSCHMB VBTPOEUUPK s. xCE RPMCHELB POB UYUYFBMB UEVS ZHTBOGKhTSEOLPK Y TBHYuYMBUSH VEZMP ZPCHPTYFSH RP-OENEGLY. Chopushnedeusfimefike Ztbzh, Rededfbchyfehaphemsh ZHTBOGHHULPK Chefchy Chupek Unishe, Yu RuP Udapchmbs Dpyush, CDPCB Ztbzhb d., h Tbchopk Uferey oshpvpdemi ytboghhlyne, Oeneglein. sing OILPZDB OE PVUHTSDBMY RPMYFYLH, VSCHMY CHEUSHNB MAVEOSCH Y CHOYNBFEMSHOP PFOPUYMYUSH LP CHUEN OHTSDBN NPEZP YFBVB. fBL, HTSYO DMS OBU ZPFPCHYMY ABOUT LHIOE bbnlb i rpdbchbmy h CHEMILPMEROPN bbme, rtpdhlfshch bblkhrbmyush h yETVKhTE.

YDEUSH PVYFBMY FTPE ZHTBOGKHJPCH, LPFPTSCHE U IMBDOPLTPCHYEN RTYOSMY UCHPA HYBUFSH Y OILPZDB OY OB YuFP OE TsBMPCHBMYUSH. sing OE PVUHTSDBMY RPRHUFH OH VPNVBTDYTPCHLY, OH TBULCHBTFYTPCHBOYE CH BLNLE UOBYUBMB BOZMYUBO, B BLFEN OENGECH, YUFP UCHETEYOOP YUFPEYMP YI BRBUSCH RPUFEMSHOPZP VEMSHS. sing OBOSMY TBVPYUYI, LPFPTSHCHE OBNEOYMY TBYFSHCHE PLPOOSCHE UFELMMB. CHUE FTPE PVMBDBMY CHTPTSDEOOOPK LMEZBOFOPUFSHHA YUFYOOPK BTYUFPLTBFYY. yI EDYOUFCHEOOBS RTPUSHVB PLBBMBUSH CHRPMOE RPOSFOPC: RTEDBFSH ENME CHUE FTHRSCH, VEURPTSDPYUOP CHBMSAEYEUS CH RBTLE.

NOE UPPVEYMY, UFP PDYO Y OBYI LPNBOYTPCH HUFTPMUS CH BLNLE, ZDE VSCHMB UCHPTB ZPOYUYI. pZHYGETSCH TBUULBBMY, UFP IPSKLB BLNLB URPTFUNEOLB. DEOSH EE NPTsOP VSHCHMP CHYDEFSH ULBYUKHEEK CHETIPN, DTHZPK BOINBAEKUS UCHPYN GCHEFOILPN. fP OBRPNOYMP NOE NPA CEOH. oERTBCHIMSHOP UYUYFBFSH, YuFP TsEOEYOE OE UMEDHEF BOINBFSHUS CHUENY FENY CHYDBNY URPTFB, LPFPTSCHE RTYCHMELBAF NHTSYUYO. rPOSFYS P FPN, UFP SCHMSEFUS YUFYOOP TSEOUFCHEOOSHCHN, X CHUEI TBOOSCHE. bNPL LFPK DBNSCH UFPSM H UFPTPOE PF FTBUUSCH, CH LPOGE FTEILLYMPNEFTCHPK DPTPZY, CHEDHEEK YUETE MKHZB Y BTPUYEK RP PVE UFPTPOSCH MYUFCHEOOOSCHNY DETECHSNY. RP MKHZBN RTPLMBDSCHCHBMB UEVE RHFSH TEYULB U DETECHSOOSCHNY NPUFYLBNY, BRTKHDBNY Y OEVPMSHYNY NEMSHOYGBNY RP VETEZBN, CHUFTEYUBCHYNYUS OB RHFY L LFPK CHEMYLPMEROPK KHUBDSHVE L ЪBNLKh YЪ UETPZP LBNOS, Ch OPTNBODULPN UFIME, U NOPTSEUFCHPN RTYUFTPEL, LPOAAYEO Y F. R. rPDYAEIBCH VMYCE, NPTsOP VSHMP ЪBNEFYFSH H PLOE LHIOY LHIBTLH Y UCHETLBAEYE CHPLTHZ OEE UNDOCHE ULPCHPTPDLY.

lCHBTFYTPCHBCHYK ЪDEUSH PZHYGET VSCHM CH PFYAEDE, OP UMHZB DPMPTSYM P NPEN RTYVSHCHFYY IPSECHBN, LPFPTSHCHE CH FP CHTENS GO BY PVEDEOOOSCHN UFPMPN. oEVPMSHYPK CHEUFYVAMSH VSHCHM HLTBYEO PIPFOYUSHNY FTPZHESNY, NON-BODY TPTSLBNY Y URPTFYCHOSCHNY ZHPFPZTBZHYSNY. ZTBJYOS CHSHYMB RPRTYCHEFUFCHPCHBFSH NEOS. EK VSHMP RB RSFSHDEUSF, UFTPCOBS URPTFYCHOBS JYZHTB, OEULPMSHLP ZTHVPCBFPE, BOZMYKULPZP FIRB MYGP, LPFPTPE LBBMPUSH CHRPMOE RPDIPDSEIN OB ZHPOE MPYBDEK, ZPOYUYI Y PIP FOYUSHY FTPGEECH. POB RTETCHBMB UCHPK PVED, Y NSC UTBYKH PLBMBMYUSH CHFSOHFSHCHNY CH PTSYCHMEOOHA DYULKHUUYA P CHPURYFBOY ZPOYUYI. NSHCHUMY ZTBZHYOY VSCHMY ЪBOSFSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP URPTFICHOSCHNY DEMBNY, POB VSCHMB MYYEOOB RTEDTBUUKHDLPCH, Y CH OEK OE YUKHCHUFCHPCHBMPUSH OY LBRMY CHTBTSDEVOPUFY.

RPRSHCHFBCHYUSH HUFTPIFSHUS ABOUT RPUFPK H DTKhZPN FBLPN TSE RTYCHMELBFEMSHOPN ЪBNLE U RTELTBUOSCHN RBTLPN, RTYOBDMETSBEEN WENSHE ZTBZHB x. POSCH IPSKLY LFPZP DPNB. FTENS DOSNNY TBOEE HER UEUFTB, ZTBJYOS, TPDYMB YEUFOBDGBFPZP TEVEOLB. POB PTSYDBMB RTYEDB UCHPEK CHOHYUBFPK RMENSOOIGSHCH. oEUNPFTS ABOUT CHUE LFP Y CEMBS HDPCHMEFCHPTYFSH UCHPE MAVPRSCHFUFCHP, S PYUEOSH CHETSMYCHP RPRTPUYM RPLBBFSH NOE PDOH Y ZPUFECHSCHI LPNOBF H EE PZTPNOPN ЪBNLE, IPFS Y TEYM HCE , YuFP OE ChPURPMSHKHAUSH UFPMSh OEPIPFOSCHN ZPUFERTYYNUFCHPN. CHEDS NEOS CH OETEYYFEMSHOPUFY CHCHETI RP MEUFOIGE, POB UOPCHB URTPUIMB, UFP EK DEMBFSH, EUMY CHOHYUBFBS RMENSOOIGB CHUE-FBLY RTYEDEF. fPZDB S OBIBMSHOP UBNEFIYM, UFP UHEEUFCHHAF FBLIE CHEY, LBL RTBCHYMB TBULCHBTFYTPCHBOYS.

UPCHUEN DTHZYN YUEMPCHELPN PLBBMUS NBTLY yЪHYUBS YЪ MAVPЪOBFEMSHOPUFY PLTEUFOPUFY, B UBPDOP RPDSHULYCHBS LCHBTFYTH, S UMHYUBKOP OBVTEM ABOUT PZTPNOSHCHK DPN U PVMHRYCHYNUS ZHBUBDPN, UBPSEIK BY CHELPCHCHNY DETECHSSN J. lPZDB YBMBSMB UPVBLB, YJ DPNB CHSHCHULPYUM UBN NBTLY, CH UYOEN LPUFANE, LPTYUOECHSCHI VPFYOLBI, U OEUCHETSYN ChPTPFOYYULPN Y UYZBTEFPK, BTsBFPK Ch RPTSEMFECHYI YHVBI. BY VSCHM UBNB MAVEOPUFSH, RTEDUFBCHYMUS NBTLYPN, RETECHEDS DMS NEOS UCHPK FYFKhM LBL "NBTLZTBZH", Y ULBBM: "ChSh, EUFEUFCHEOOP, LBCHBMETYUF, S with FPCE UMHTSYM PZHYGETPN CH LBCHBMETYY. CHP CHUEN NYTE NSC CHUE PDOPC RPTPDSC. pFLTPCHEOOP ZPCHPTS, LPZP-OYVKHDSH CHTPDE ChBU WITH RTEDPYUEM VSH MAVPNKh DTKhZPNKh.

eEDTSCHN CEUFPN SING AT TSEOPK RTEDPUFBCHYMY CH GENERAL TBURPTSEOIE CHEUSH DPN. fBLPC RPTSDPL TBULCHBTFYTPCHBOYS OBRPNYOBM, DPMTSOP VSHCHFSH, FP, UFP RTBLFYLPCHBMPUSH UTEDY ZHTBOGKHULYI LPMPOYUFPC CH UECHETOPC bNETYLE CH XVIII CHELE. lPTBVMSH DPUFBCHMSM LPMPOYUFBN ZTHRRH NPMPDSHCHI DECHKHYEL, B RPFPN CHUE OBCHYUEMP PF FPZP, YUFPVSH RPDIPDSEIE MADY OBYMY CH OKHTSOSCHK NPNEOF DTHZ DTHZB.

pFOPIOEOYE L OBN RTELTBUOPK ZTBJOY J., X LPFPTPK S TSYM RPDOEE, VSHMP FBLYN CE, LBL X NBTLYIB y. FFPF RPUMEDOYK NPK RPYUL LCHBTFYTSCH PE JTBOGYY OBYUBMUS LBL TPNBO fBHIOYGB OBYUBMB CHELB. with ЪBOSMUS RPYULPN YuEZP-OYVHDSH OBUFPMSHLP HDBMEOOPZP, YuFP NOE RTYYMPUSH CHUE CHTENS TBUURTBYCHBFSH, LBL FHDB DPEIBFSH. pDYO bNPL RPLBBMUS ABOUT RETCHSHCHK CHZMSD OETSIMSHCHN. ON VSHCHM UPCHUEN OPCHSHCHN Y OBRPNYOBM FPMSHLP UFP OBTYUPCHBOOKHA LBTFYOLKH. lPZDB DCHETSH OBLPOEG PFLTSCHMBUSH, IPTPYP PDEFSCHK ZPURPDYO OE RTYOSM OBU Y PFPUMBM CH DTHZYE YNEOYS, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHE H EEE VPMEE HDBMEOOOSCHI HZPMLBI ЪB MHZBNY, TBYZPTP TSEOOSHCHNY TSICHSHCHNY Y'ZPTPDSNY. yFBL, NSC PFRTBCHYMYUSH DBMSHYE. h PLOE UMEDHAEZP blbnlb RPLBBMYUSH DCHE DECHHYLY, PDOB PYUEOSH UINRBFYUOBS, OP, ULPTEE CHUEZP, ZPUFSHS. dTHZBS, NEOEE RTYCHMELBFEMSHOBS, TSYMB CH FFPN DPNE. POB RPLBBMB NOE FTY LPNOBFSH DMS ZPUFEK, OP OE RPUPCHEFPCHBMB PUFBCHBFSHUS X OII, RPFPNH UFP EE NBFSH VPMEMB YUBIPFLPK. fPZDB FB, UFP UYNRBFYUOEEE, RTEMPTSYMB NOE PUFBOCHYFSHUS H HER DPNE. PFO PFOPUYMBUSH L FFPNH LBL NBTLY y .: RPULPMSHLKh ZTPYF TELCHYYYGYS, OBDP RPUFBTBFSHUS CHSHVTBFSH OHTSOPZP YuEMPCHELB CH OHTSOPE CHTENS.

h OELPFPTPK OETEYYFEMSHOPUFY POB UEMB TSDPN UP NOK CH NBYOKH, Y NSCH DCHYOKHMYUSH DBMSHYE CHDPMSH PLBKNMEOOOSCHI TSYCHSHCHNY Y'ZPTPDSNNY MHZCH. RP RTIEDE CH RETEZPCHPTSCCHUFKHRYMB EE NBFSH, YCH TEEKHMSHFBFE RTBLFYUEULY CHEUSH BLNPL PLBBMUS CH OBYEN TBURPTSEOYY.

ZMBCHPK LFPZP UENEKUFCHB VSCHMB UFBTBS ZTBJYOS, CHDPCHB RPMLPCHOYLB LBCHBMETYY, TSYCHHEBS OB ULTPNOSHCHK DPIPD Y YJ-B OEICBFLY DPNBYOEK RTYUMHZY BOINBAEBS FFPF Y BNPL FPMSHLP ABOUT MEFP. ENMY CH YNEOYY OE VSHMP. iPSKLB DP UYI RPT OE YNEMB Y'CHEUFYK PF DCHPYI UCHPYI USHCHOPCHEK LBCHBMETYKULYI PZHYGETCH. nPMPDBS ZTBJYOS VSCHMB TsEOPC UFBTYYEZP USCHOB Y TSYMB FBN UP UCHPYN RSFYMEFOIN TEVEOLPN. sing UFPTPOYMYUSH OBU, RPDYETLYCHBMY OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHK BOFBZPOYN, TEDLP HMSCHVBMYUSH Y YYVEZBMY BDPTCHBFSHUS U OBNY BY THLH.

FP VSHMP NPE RPUMEDOEE CHPEOOPE TSYMSHE PE JTBOGYY. with ChSCHVTBM EZP H TBUYUEFE ЪBDETSBFSHUS CH OEN ABOUT OEULPMSHLP NEUSGECH CHNEUFE U NPYNY BDYAFBOFBNY LBRYFBOPN zPTEOVKhTZPN Y RTJOGEN zBGZHEMSHDPN. fBN VSCHMP FYIP Y HEDYOEOOP, YuFP UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBMP NPYN FTEVPCHBOYSN L IPTPYN LCHBTFYTBN. rTBChDB, DPN TBURPMBZBMUS OE X NPTS. yULHYOYE ЪBOSFSH PDYO YЪ FEI ЪBNLPCH, CH LPFPTSCHI RBTL URHULBEFUS RTSNP L NPTA, VSCHMP CHEMYLP, OP RPDIPDSEEZP DPNB OBKFY OE HDBMPUSH. pFEMY DMS NEOS YULMAYUBMYUSH. 'DEUSH CE H NPEN TBURPTSEOY VSCHMY VPMSHYBS URBMSHOS Y ZPUFYOBS U CHYDPN ABOUT UFBTSHCHK OEYURPMSHKHENSCHK CHIPD CH UBD, UPDETTSBCHYKUS CH UCHETIEOOOPK DYLPUFY, U NOPTSEUFCHPN TPЪ CHDPMSH CHSHCHUPL PC UFEOSCH.

FE OEULPMSHLP DOEK, RTPCHEDEOOOSCHI Hz., LBMBMYUSH UYUBUFMYCHSHCHNY, OEUNPFTS OB OEPRTEDEMEOOPUFSH LBL VMYTSBKYYZP, FBL Y VPMEE PFDBMEOOPZP VHDHEEP. TBOPTPDOBS LPNRBOYS NHTSYUYO, TBMHYUEOOOSCHI U TSEOBNY Y WENSHSNY, UPDBCHBMB OELPFPTSCHE FTHDOPUFY H PVEEOYY, LBL LFP PVSHCHUOP VSCCHBEF, LPZDB MADY UMHYUBKOP UPVYTBAF US CHNEUFE. OP CHUE LFP HIPDYMP ABOUT CHFPTPK RMBO. DEUSH NSC NPZMY PFDPIOHFSH RPUME LTKhZPCHETFY ChPKOSHCH, S TBPCHBMUS FPNKh, UFP NEOS OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP PLTHTSBMP, NOPTSEUFCHH DETECHSHECH, NYTOPNKh ULBPYuOPNKh UBDH. yuBUFP IPYM ABOUT RMSC, UMHYBM, LBL VSHAFUS CHPMOSHCH, Y OBUMBTsDBMUS CHYDPN LTHFSHCHI UPMPNEOOSHCHY LBNEOOSHCHI DPNYLPCH YMY NBMEOSHLPK GETLCHHYLY.

CHYDYNP, YuEMPCHEL URPUPVEO PVOBTHTSYFSH RPMOPE UYUBUFSHHE FPMSHLP CH RTPYMPN, LPZDB CHUE OECHZPDSH UFYTBAFUS Y RBNSFY, MYVP CH VHDHEEN, L LPFPTPNH PO NPCEF RTYNEOYFSH UCHPE VENSF ETSOPE CHPPVTBTSEOYE. yUFYOOP UYUBUFMYCHSHCHE YUBUSCH PUFBCHMSAF ZMHVPLYK Y RTPUOSCHK UMED.

obyubmy rtyipdyfsh ybrpdbmshche ryushnb. r., OILPZDB OE ULMPOOBS L UMEBN, RYUBMB, LBL POB RMBLBMB, LPZDB GETLPCHOSCHE LPMPLPMB CHP'CHEUFYMY P LBRYFKHMSGYY zhTBOGYY. NECDH UFTPL S UNPZ RTPUEUFSH RTYUYOH LFYI UMEI. eE, LBL Y NEOS, VEURPLPIMP DBMSHOEKIE HLTERMEOYE CHMBUFY ZYFMETB. lBLPCHSC VHDHF RPUMEDUFCHYS TSEUFPLYI LPOFTYVHHYK, OBMBZBENSCHI RPVEYFEMEN ABOUT OBTPDSCH PLLHRITCHBOOSCHI FETTYFPTYK? fTYHNZH PTHTSYS FPMSHLP RPDUFEZOEF LFYI OEPVKHDBOOSCHI MADEK ABOUT OPCHSCHA LTBKOPUFY Y HNEOSHYYF RETURELFYCHSC LTBIB UHEEUFCHHAEEZP TETSYNB. nPCOP MY YЪVBCHYFSHUS PF LFPK RPUFShCHDOPK DYLFBFHTSCH, YЪVETSBCH CHPEOOPZP TBZTPNB?

rPUME VEIEOPZP FENRB RTPIYEDYEK LBNRBOY CH FYYE YUBUSCH TBNSCHYMEOYK CHUE SUOEEE UFBOCHYMBUSH NPS MYUOBS FTBZEDYS. RETED NOPZYNY ZYFMETPCHULYNY PZHYGETBNY OEYYEVETSOP UFPSMB DYMENNB: YN OBDP VSCHMP ITBVTP UTBTSBFSHUS PE YNS RPVESHCH, OBDESUSH RTY EFPN ABOUT RPTBTSEOYE, RPFPNKh UFP POI MAVYMY UCHPA UFTBOH .

RETETSYCHBM S Y CHURPNYOBS FEI, LFP VETSBM CH FY NEUFB PF UCHPYI TSEUFPLYI RBMBYUK. bBDPMZP DP RTYYEUFCHYS ZYFMETB S UYUYFBM CHBTCHBTUFCHPN CHUE ZHPTNSCH BOFYUENYFYYNB. UTEDY NPYI DTHEK VSCHMP NOPZP ECHTEECH, OP OH PDOPZP BOFYUENYFB. oE NPZKh RTEDUFBCHYFSH UEVE OY PDOPZP VPMEE LKHMSHFHTOPZP DPNB CH ZETNBOYY, YUEN DPN NPYI DTHEK Y TPDUFCHEOOILPCH yChBVBIPICH H VETMYOE Y CH YI UEMSHULPK HUBDSHVE CH LETGEODPT SAME. at HChBTSEOYEN CHURPNYOBA NPEPZP DTHZB lHTFB zBOB, RBFTYPFB Y CHSHCHDBAEEZPUS REDBZPZB. ULPTVMA P DTHZE OBYEK WENSHY, UNEYOYCHYEN NPEPZP PFGB ABOUT RPUFH RTEZHELFB NBMEOSHLPZP ZPTPDLB CH vBDEOE, LPFPTSHCHK HNET CHP CHTENS CHPKOSHCH, RPFPNH YuFP ENH RPMBZBMBUSH MYYSH RPMPCHIOOBS OPTNB PVSCHUOPZP RBKLB. CHURPNYOBM S Y VMEE VEDOSCHI ECHTEECH, OE YNECHYI OH UCHSHEK, OH UTEDUFCH, VETSBCHYI BY PLEBO, YUFPVSCH URBUFY UCHPA TSYOSH. FP VSHCHMY DPVTSCHE MADY, VPMEE UETDEYUOSCH Y VPMEE ZPFPCHSHCHE RPNPYUSH, YUEN CHUE RTPUYE. ChPNPTSOP, YЪCHEYUOBS PRBUOPUFSH UHEEUFCHPCHBOIS H RPMPTSEOY NEOSHYYOUFCHB RPUMHTSYMB DMS OII YUEN-FP CHTPDE PYUYUFYFEMSHOPZP PZOS.

lBL HDBMPUSH RPCHEUFY ZETNBOULYK OBTPD FBLYN OECHETOCHN RHFEN? ChPF LBLPK CHPRTPU ЪBDBCHBMY UEVE CHUE NPY DTKhSHS. FP VSHCHM LBLPK-FP TSHFLYK BRPZHEP RPMYFYUEULPZP Y NPTBMSHOPZP PRSHSEOYS. yMMAYS "TBUSCH ZPUURPD" PCHMBDEMB FENY, LPZP MAVPK OPTNBMSHOSHCHK YUEMPCHEL CHPURTYNEF LBL RTSNHA RTPFYCHPRMPTSOPUFSH "IPSECH" B OEDPUFBFLB PVTBPCHBOYS Y CHUEZDB PFFBMLYCHBAEYI NBOET. OSHOE LFY MADY NPZMY YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH UCHPY ULKHDOSH NPZY DMS LLURMHBFBGYY VEЪBEYFOSHCHI ZTBTSDBO, CHEFETBOPH RTPYMSHI CHPKO, UFBTTYLPCH, TSEOEIO Y DEFEK. NYMMMYPOSCH OECHETSEUFCHEOOSHCHI, CHEUSHNB ЪBHTSDOSCHI MYUOPUFEK, RPLPTOSCHI ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOPK CHMBUFY, OE UNPZMY YЪVETSBFSH FFPZP HTSBUOPZP RPNTBYUEOYS TBUUHDLB. RPDPVOP r., OE OBEYSH, RP LPNKh RTPMYCHBFSH UMESHCH RP OECHIOOSCHN CETFCHBN YMY RP NBUUE VMBZPDKHYOSCHI UPZTBTSDBO, YuEK TBUUUKHDPL RPNKHFYMUS.

h LFPK UEMSHULPK NEUFOPUFY S YULBM YNEOOP BVCHEOYS. at FOURTH PDOPZP Yb OCHSHCHUPLYI IPMNCH DPMYOB CHOYJH LBBMBUSH ZTPNBDOSHCHN MEUPN, ABOUT UBNPN DEME LFP VSHMY FSHCHUSUY DETECHSHECH, TBDEMSAEYI RBUFVIEB Y CHPDEMBOOSHCH RPMS. NETS Y'ZPTPDSNY REFMSMY HЪLYE FTPRYOLY Y THYUSHY. oEVPMSHYE DPNYLY RPD UPMPNEOOOSCHNY LTSCHYBNY NPTsOP VSCHMP OBNEFYFSH FPMSHLP ABOUT PZPTPTSEOOOSCHI Hyubuflby, LBL H bozmyy. h PLOBI CHYDOEMYUSH MYGB LTEUFSHSOPL CH TSYCHPRYUOSCHI VESCHI YUERGBI.

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In war and in captivity. Memoirs of a German soldier. 1937-1950 Becker Hans

Chapter 3 EASTERN FRONT

EASTERN FRONT

Like any uninvited guest on Russian soil, it took me some time to understand that, like representatives of other nations, Russians could not be treated with the same brush. My first impression was that they were all vicious beggars and looked more like animals than people. In battle, they did not know pity, like a herd of hungry wolves.

However, somehow an incident occurred that I will not be able to forget for the rest of my life. Nothing like this has ever happened to me before or since. And I still remember him like a nightmare. There may be skeptics who will not believe me, but as a witness, I am ready to swear on anything that this really happened. If it is true that those who have been on the verge of death are not capable of lying, then this fully applies to me: after all, I have experienced this feeling several times, therefore, I have long lost all taste for embellishing what happened with me actually.

I ended up on the Eastern Front immediately after the war with Russia began. And in my opinion, we were confronted by an enemy who belonged to some other, terrible breed of people. Fierce fighting began literally from the very first days of our offensive. The blood of the invaders and defenders flowed like a river on the blood-hungry land of "Mother Russia": she drank our blood, and we disfigured her face with machine-gun and artillery fire. The wounded screamed a terrible cry, demanding the help of orderlies, the rest continued to move forward. "Further! Even further!" - so we were ordered. And we didn't have time to look back. Our officers drove us eastward like evil demons. Each of them, apparently, decided for himself that it was his company or his platoon that would win all conceivable and unimaginable awards.

A big tank battle near Ternopil, and after it - another, near Dubno, where we did not have to rest for three days and three nights. Replenishment of ammunition and fuel supplies here was carried out not as part of units, as usual. Separate tanks were withdrawn one after another to the nearby rear, which hastily returned back to throw themselves into the heat of battle again. I happened to disable one Russian tank in the battle near Ternopil and four more near Dubno. The terrain in the battle area turned into a disorderly hell. Our infantry soon ceased to understand where the enemy was and where ours were. But the enemy was in an even more difficult position. And when the fighting here ended, many Russians had to either stay dead on the battlefield or continue on their way in endless columns of prisoners of war.

The prisoners had to be content with a watery stew and several tens of grams of bread a day. I personally had to witness this when I was wounded near Zhytomyr and received an assignment for the period of recovery to the warehouse of spare parts for armored vehicles in order to provide me, as it was believed, with a more “sparing regime”. There I once had to visit a prisoner-of-war camp to select twenty prisoners for a work team.

The prisoners were housed in the school building. While the non-commissioned officer - an Austrian - was picking up workers for me, I examined the territory of the camp. What were they doing here, I asked myself, how good or bad were their conditions?

So I thought in those days, unaware that not much time would pass and I myself would have to fight for survival in exactly the same circumstances, ignoring all the obvious signs of human degradation. For several years, all my vitality and aspirations went into such a struggle. I often thought with a grin about how radically my convictions had changed after that day in the camp near Dubno. How easy it is to condemn those around us, how insignificant their misfortunes seem, and how nobly, in our own opinion, we would behave if we were in their desperate situation! Come on, I teased myself afterwards, why don't you die of shame now, when no self-respecting pig will agree to change places with you and settle in the mud in which you live?

And so, when I stood at the threshold of the camp barracks, thinking about what strange creatures these “Mongols” must have been, this happened. A wild cry came from the far corner of the room. A clump of bodies burst through the darkness, snarling, grappling furiously, seemingly ready to tear each other apart. One of the human figures was pressed against the bunks, and I realized that one person had been attacked. Opponents gouged out his eyes, twisted his arms, tried to scratch pieces of flesh out of his body with their nails. The man was unconscious, he was practically torn to pieces.

Dumbfounded by the sight, I called out to them to stop, but to no avail. Not daring to enter the room, I froze in horror at what was happening. The killers were already stuffing chunks of torn flesh down their throats. I was able to make out the bare skull and protruding ribs of a man on the bunk, while in the other corner of the room two people fought for his hand, each with a crunch pulling it towards himself, as if in a tug-of-war competition.

Security! I shouted.

But no one came. I ran to the head of the guard and excitedly told him what had happened. But it made no impression on him.

This is nothing new to me,” he said with a shrug. - This happens every day. We have long ceased to pay attention to this.

I felt completely empty and exhausted, as if after a serious illness. Loading my batch of workers into the back of a truck, I hurried away from this terrible place. After driving about a kilometer, I sharply increased speed, realizing that the heavy feeling gradually began to let go. If only I could eradicate memories as easily!

The selected prisoners were closer to us Europeans. One of them spoke good German, and I had the opportunity to communicate with him while working. He was a native of Kyiv, and, like many Russians, his name was Ivan. Later I had to meet him again under very different circumstances. And then he satisfied my curiosity about the "Mongols" - Central Asians. It seems that these people used some kind of password word. As soon as it was pronounced, they all rushed together at the one who was destined to replenish their meat diet. The poor man was immediately killed, and the other inhabitants of the barracks saved themselves from hunger, which could not be satisfied with a meager camp ration.

The clothing of the locals was made of plain, undyed fabric, mostly homespun linen. In the village, their shoes were something like slippers made of straw or wood shavings. Such shoes were suitable only for dry weather, but not everyone could afford to buy rough leather boots that were worn in bad weather. Homespun socks were also worn on the legs, or they were simply wrapped from the feet to the knees with pieces of coarse fabric, which were fixed with thick twine.

In such shoes, local residents, men and women, walked many kilometers through the fields to the market with a bag over their shoulders and a thick stick on their shoulders, on which they hung two containers of milk. It was a heavy burden even for the peasants, despite the fact that for them it was an integral part of their harsh life. However, men were in a more privileged position: if they had wives, then they did not have to endure hardships so often. In most cases, Russian men preferred vodka to work, and going to the market turned into a purely feminine duty. They went there under the weight of their simple goods intended for sale. The first duty of a woman was to sell the products of rural labor, and the second was to buy alcohol for the male part of the population. And woe was to that woman who dares to return home from the market without the coveted vodka! I heard that under the Soviet system, the procedure for marriage and divorce was greatly simplified and, probably, this was often used.

Most people worked on collective farms and state farms. The first were collective farms that united one or more villages. The second were state-owned enterprises. But in both cases, earnings were barely enough to make ends meet. The concept of "middle class" was absent, only poor workers and their wealthy leaders lived here. I got the impression that the entire local population did not live, but was hopelessly floundering in the eternal swamp of the most miserable poverty. The definition of "slave" was most suitable for them. I never understood what they were fighting for.

Several of the major roads were well maintained, but the rest were just awful. On the rutted uneven surface lay up to half a meter of dust in dry weather and, accordingly, the same amount of viscous mud during the rainy season. The most common mode of transport on such roads was undersized Russian horses. Like their owners, they showed miracles of unpretentiousness and endurance. Without a murmur, these horses covered distances of twenty to thirty kilometers in any weather, and at the end of the journey they were left under the open sky, without any hint of a roof over their heads, despite the wind, rain or snow. That's who you could take survival lessons from!

The hard life was brightened up by music. The national instrument, the famous three-stringed balalaika, was probably in every home. Some, as an exception, preferred the accordion. Compared to our harmonicas, Russians have a lower tone. Probably, this is the reason for the effect of sadness, which is invariably heard in their sound. In general, every single Russian song that I heard was extremely sad, which, in my opinion, is not at all surprising. But the audience, as it turned out, liked to sit still, surrendering to the aura of sounds that personally caused unbearable sadness in me. At the same time, national dances required from each dancer the ability to move quickly and make complex jumps. So only a person with innate grace and plasticity could reproduce them.

Unexpectedly, I had to interrupt these private studies of my life in a foreign country: I was ordered to return to the front. I left the warehouse of tank spare parts and turned out to be one of those who advanced through Zhitomir to Kyiv. By the evening of the third day of the journey, I rejoined my comrades. Among them I saw many new faces. Gradually, the pace of our offensive became lower and lower, and the losses higher and higher. During my absence, it seemed that half of the personnel of the unit managed to go to the hospital or to the grave.

Soon I myself had to witness the heat of the fighting. We were sent into battle the same evening as I returned to my unit. In close combat in the forest, the crew of my tank acted with such skill that we managed to knock out six Russian T-34s. Hell raged among the pines, but we didn't get a scratch. I was already silently thanking God for this miracle, when suddenly the right skating rink of our Pzkpfw IV was smashed by a direct hit from an enemy shell, and we stopped.

We did not have time to think long about this misfortune: under the fire of enemy infantry, only lightning swiftness could save us. I gave the order to evacuate, and myself, as the captain of the ship, was the last to leave my tank. Saying goodbye to an old tank comrade, I disabled the cannon by firing a double charge, as well as the tracks, which I blew up with Teller's mines. It was all I could do to damage the car as much as possible.

By that time my crew was already safe and I had more than enough time to join my comrades. They were waiting for me in a relatively safe shelter, hiding in a ditch. I quickly crawled towards them, and everyone greeted me with joyful exclamations. We were all pleased with the result. The score was six - one in our favor; while not a single member of the crew received a scratch.

My next duty was to write a report to the platoon leader. We have not forgotten the deep-rooted sense of discipline in each of us, although those fierce battles turned even platoon leaders into our best comrades. This is how it should be at the front, where the general threat of death hovering over everyone eliminates ranks and positions. Therefore, I could write a report in a simple form, without much formality:

“Six enemy tanks destroyed, my commander. Our tank lost speed and was blown up by us. The crew returned safely to their positions.

I handed this to the commander mean description that fight. He stopped me, smiled broadly and, shaking my hand, let me go.

Good job, my young friend, - the commander praised me. “Now you can go and get some sleep. You deserve a rest, and even before the start of tomorrow, it may turn out that it is not in vain.

He was right about the second part of the phrase. It was not yet dawn when the alarm sounded. Everyone ran to their tanks to be ready at any moment to go where ordered. Everyone, but not me and my crew: our tank remained in no man's land. But we could not allow our comrades to go into battle without us, and I persuaded the commander to provide us with one of the reserve vehicles. He gave his consent.

Unfortunately, we did not have time to draw the number of our victories on the barrel of the cannon. This tradition of indicating the number of destroyed enemy vehicles with rings on the cannon meant a lot to the crew. Without this distinction that was rightfully ours, we felt somewhat out of place. In addition, the new tank, even though it was the same model as the previous one, was unfamiliar to us with its small details. And apart from everything else, we are all still experiencing the consequences of last night's battle.

But all these inconveniences, worries and anxieties were instantly forgotten as soon as shots were heard again. Our attack continued without interruption for four and a half hours, and during this time I managed to set fire to two enemy tanks. Later, when we began to turn around to go “home”, there was suddenly a heart-grabbing clap, followed by a blow. So the morning's bad premonitions were justified. This time it was not limited to the loss of the ice rink. Our tank received a direct hit in the stern on the right. The car was engulfed in flames, and I lay inside in a half-conscious state.

I was brought out of this state by the terrible realization that we were on fire. I looked around to try to assess the damage and the chances of rescue, and found that a Russian shell had killed two of my subordinates. Bloodied, they crouched in a corner. And we, the survivors, quickly jumped out, and then dragged the bodies of our comrades through the hatch so that they would not burn.

Ignoring the dense fire of the enemy infantry, we dragged our dead colleagues away from the flaming tank in order to bury them with dignity if the battlefield was left behind us. Ammunition inside the burning tank could explode at any moment. We dived for cover and waited for the earth to shake from a powerful explosion that would raise pieces of hot metal into the air and notify us that our tank was no more.

But there was no explosion, and after waiting a little longer, we took advantage of the temporary lull in enemy fire and hurried back to our own. This time everyone walked with their heads down, the mood was bad. Two of the five crew members were dead, and the tank, for unknown reasons, did not explode. And this meant that the ammunition and, possibly, the gun would fall intact into the hands of the enemy. Lost in gloom, we trudged three or four kilometers back to our location, smoking one cigarette after another to calm our nerves. After the explosion of an enemy shell, we were all spattered with blood. I had shrapnel stuck in my face and arms, and my identification badge miraculously protected me from a deep shrapnel wound to my chest. I still have a small indentation in the place where this token, about the thickness of a large coin, entered my sternum. The fact that this small token helped me save my life, once again strengthened my confidence that I was destined to survive this war.

The platoon had already reported the rest of the casualties. Two tank crews were completely killed, and the platoon commander himself was seriously wounded. But he was still there, and I managed to bitterly report to him about our misadventures on that unfortunate day for us, until an ambulance arrived and he was taken to the hospital.

Later that day, I was called to the divisional headquarters, where I and two surviving comrades from my crew received Iron Crosses 1st Class. And a few days later I was awarded the medal promised for the first successful battle for the destruction of enemy tanks. Three weeks later I received a sign for participation in close combat, which, when I was in the hands of Russian soldiers, caused me to receive new wounds. (Obviously, this was the “General Assault” badge (Allgemeines Sturmabzeichen), established on January 1, 1940, in particular, it was awarded to military personnel who destroyed at least eight units of enemy armored vehicles. - Ed.)

Victory honors after the battle! I was proud, but not particularly cheerful. Glory grows brighter over time, and the biggest battles have long since taken place.

The order to go to the Eastern Front However, a surprise awaited me in Berlin. Instead of the expected transfer to Copenhagen, I received an order to go to the Eastern Front. First, I had to report to the front-line personnel department in Krakow. The departure was so urgent that