Presentation on the topic of plant ecology. Ecological groups of plants. form sparse stands

Environmental groups plants Guide to the exposition complex of the Botanical Garden. prof. A.G. Genkel Perm State University "Ecological trail with elements of model phytocenoses of the temperate climate zone" Director of the Botanical Garden, Candidate of Biological Sciences S.A. Shumikhin

The Ecological Path exposition complex in the Botanical Garden of Perm State University includes a number of thematic expositions built in landscape style on ecological-geographical and resource principles. The main requirement used in the selection of plants is the typicality for a particular phytocenosis or natural zone, as well as the possibility of demonstrating adaptations to a specific set. environmental factors and interspecies relationships. In addition, one of the priorities in the selection of expositions is the possibility of using plants in various areas of economic activity.

Plan-scheme of the exposition complex "Ecological trail" 1 - Ephemeroids 2 - Lianas 3 - Flat rockery 4 - Alpine hill 5 - Shadow garden 6 - Pond 7 - Peat bog 8 - "Biological clock" 9 - Far Eastern flora 10 - "Red Book" 11 - Flowerbed continuous flowering

The excursion route "Ecological trail" with a length of 300 m begins in the southwestern part of the exposition zone of the Botanical Garden with a demonstration of the adaptive abilities of various groups of plants to limiting environmental factors. Limiting factors

In relation to the most important environmental factor - light - three ecological groups of plants are distinguished: According to the habitats, plants have developed adaptations to certain conditions of the light regime. shade-tolerant species shade / sciophytes / light species / heliophiles / light

In light-loving plants, the leaves are usually smaller than in shade and shade-tolerant species. In addition, a good example of adaptation to the light regime is the seasonal dimorphism of the leaves in the same individual, for example, in the obscure lungwort, which develops in a forest that is not yet leafy in strong light and in the shade with full unfolding of leaves in tree species. Her spring leaves are small, sessile, they can be described as light, and summer with a wider plate - as a shadow. Light species /heliophiles/

Light-loving plants are found in open habitats or well-lit areas. These are plants of deserts, tundra, highlands, steppe and meadow grasses, coastal and aquatic plants with floating leaves, most cultivated plants open ground, weeds, etc.

A good example of light-loving plants are the so-called ephemeroids - early flowering perennials of the steppes and deserts, ending their vegetation before the onset of high summer temperatures, as well as early spring plants of deciduous forests, ending flowering and vegetation before the foliage unfolds on trees. Acquaintance with the ecological trail begins with a demonstration of this particular group of plants.

Shade-tolerant species Shade-tolerant plants have a fairly wide ecological amplitude with respect to light. They grow and develop better in full light, but adapt well to low light. This is a common and very plastic ecological group.

A classic example of the formation of adaptations to a lack of light are creepers - plants that compensate for their instability in the vertical direction by forming various devices for fixing on a support: circular rotation of the stem, root climbing and leaf climbing, as well as the development of tendrils of leaf and stem origin.

Shady Species /Sciophytes/ Shade-loving species photosynthesize better in low light and cannot stand bright light. Moreover, some of them, for example, hare oxalis, are capable of protective movements: changing the position of leaf blades when strong light hits them.

By confinement to habitats with different conditions moisture and the development of appropriate adaptations among terrestrial plants, there are three main ecological types: xerophytes, mesophytes and hygrophytes. In accordance with this, the expositions "Alpinarium", "Meadow", "Reservoir" and "Peat bog" are included in the ecological trail. xerophytes mesophytes hygrophytes Rock garden Meadow Water body Swamp

Xerophytes are plants of dry habitats that can tolerate a significant lack of moisture - soil and atmospheric drought. They are common, abundant and diverse in areas with a hot and dry climate - in dry steppes, deserts, high mountains, etc. Typical representatives of the ecological group of xerophytes are plants of high mountains and deserts, represented by the rock garden exposition.

Alpine plants are heliophiles because they are demanding of light. In relation to the moisture factor, most of them are xerophytes. This is evidenced by the abundant pubescence on the vegetative organs, the pillow form of growth, small, narrow, strongly reduced leaf blades with powerful integumentary tissues, which prevent increased evaporation.

The mesophyte group includes plants growing in medium, i.e. sufficient, but not excessive, moisture conditions. These include grassland plants, forest grass cover, deciduous trees and shrubs, and most cultivated plants. This ecological group is represented in the ecological trail by a continuous flowering mixborder. Perennial mesophytic herbaceous flower and ornamental plants are selected in it according to color, flowering time and environmental requirements.

The main morphological, anatomical and physiological features of mesophytes are average between the features of hygrophytes and xerophytes, the so-called mesophilic. Usually they have well-developed leaves, often with large blades, slightly pubescent or not pubescent at all.

Hygrophytes - plants of excessively moistened habitats with high humidity of air and soil. With a wide variety of habitats, features of the water regime, and anatomical and morphological features, all hygrophytes are united by the absence of adaptations that limit water consumption and the inability to endure even a slight loss of water. Hygrophytes are characterized by thin, delicate leaf blades with a small number of almost always wide open stomata, abundant transpiration with a poorly developed water supply system, and thin, slightly branched roots.

The ecological group of hygrophytes is represented in fragments of the model phytocenoses "Water" and "Peat bog". For plants living in water bodies, water is not only a necessary environmental factor, but also a direct habitat. Therefore, aquatic plants are classified as hydrophytes.

According to the way of life and structure, submerged plants and plants with floating leaves can be distinguished among hydrophytes. Submerged plants are subdivided into those rooted in the bottom soil and suspended in the water column. Plants with floating leaves use partly water, partly air.

They can grow both in air and partially submerged in water; can endure and complete temporary flooding with water. In plants that are only partially submerged in water, heterophilia is well expressed - the difference in the structure of surface and underwater leaves on the same individual. The former have features common to the leaves of terrestrial plants, the latter have dissected or very thin leaf blades. Heterophilia is noted in water lilies, egg capsules, arrowheads and other species.

In relation to the environmental factor water, the plants of sphagnum bogs are psychrophytes - plants of wet and cold soils. Sphagnum bogs represent such habitats where for the most part there is a lot of moisture, but it is not quite available to plants. Difficulties in the water supply of plants in sphagnum bogs with an abundance of moisture lead to the appearance of pronounced xerophilic features in them.

Such features are explained by the physiological dryness of peatlands. With a physical abundance of moisture, such features of the soil environment as low temperature, lack of oxygen in it, and an abundance of toxic substances lead to the fact that moisture is practically inaccessible to marsh plants.

If light and water shape the appearance of plants, then growth and development are controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms associated with the influence of many environmental factors. Usually they manifest themselves in the form of various biological rhythms, for example, "biological clocks".

The "Biological Clock" exposition is designed to demonstrate the daily rhythm of flowering various types herbaceous plants- an important adaptation in the ecology of pollination and biological isolation as a factor in speciation. The movement of flowers, their opening and closing under the influence of the change of day and night, is mainly determined by changes in lighting and temperature over time and is a special case of movement in plants.

The daily rhythm of flowering plants is closely related to the process of pollination: flowers are open or bloom at the time of day when there are those insects that pollinate them. It is customary to distinguish 4 types of daily rhythm of flowering: morning, day, evening and night. The most numerous are plants with morning and afternoon types of blooming flowers, since most insect-pollinated plants pollinate in the morning and afternoon hours.

For some families of flowering plants, a certain type of flower opening may be characteristic. These are, for example, legumes and bellflowers, which have a daytime type of blooming flowers, poppy and cruciferous with a morning type of blooming flowers.

The continuation of the excursion route is the exposition of flora Far East, China and Japan, which, in view of the uniqueness and huge variety of plant life forms found here, is traditionally used to demonstrate elements of autecology, as well as complex intra- and interspecific relationships.

The originality and uniqueness of the Far Eastern flora lies in the amazing mixture of northern and southern plant species. Northern (boreal) plant species penetrated here during the epoch of glaciation. The southern, more ancient ones, have been preserved in sufficient numbers since the time of the pre-glacial tertiary thermophilic flora.

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The importance of water in plant life. Dissolution of minerals in water. Plant nutrition. Plant growth. Evaporation: cooling the plant in hot weather; creates a constant flow of water in plants. Absorption of water by stomata air feeding. Propagation of plants using water (shoots, seeds)

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Ecological groups of plants in relation to water xerophytes hydrophytes "xeros" - dry "hydro" - water mesophytes "meso" - medium hygrophytes "hygro" - moisture

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XEROPHYTES - DRought-resistant Habitat - places with a lack of moisture, dry areas - steppes, deserts. Adaptations: Roots are well developed, the mass of the roots is 10 times the mass of the shoots (camel thorn) Some do not have leaves (saxaul) Succulents have fleshy stems, thorny leaves (cacti) the stem is hard, the leaves are fleshy (aloe, agave) Reducing evaporation water due to wax coating on the leaves (crassula), leaf pubescence

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M ESO PHY T Y "meso" - medium, "phytos" - plant Habitat: They live in conditions of average, normal moisture. Adaptations: A large number of stomata Do not withstand drought, because. …….. there are no devices for the accumulation and retention of moisture.

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HYGROPHITES - moisture-loving "hygros" - wet, "phytos" - plant Habitat: damp forests, swamps, banks of water bodies, tropical rainforests Features: no devices to limit water consumption Devices to remove excess moisture: 1 .large stomata; 2. hairs are often formed from living cells to increase the evaporation surface; 3. underdeveloped root system; creeper

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Representatives of swamp hygrophytes

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Hygrophytes on the banks of water bodies - "amphibious plants" sedge reed reed cattail

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Hydrophytes "hydro" - water, "phytos" - plant A. Completely submerged in water or floating on the surface. Features: 1. Vessels are poorly developed or completely absent. 2. The mechanical tissue is not developed, because ... the water itself supports the plant in vertical position 3. There are air cavities in the petioles of the leaves. 4. An increase in the surface of the body compared to its mass. 5. Do not survive in the air. pondweed watercress hornwort

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An ecological group is a group of organisms
which have similar adaptations, since
live in similar conditions.
Among plants, ecological groups are distinguished according to
relation to light, soil, water, temperature.

Ecological groups of plants in relation to light
Light-loving plants (heliophytes) - plants
open spaces with constant good lighting.
Attachments:
1. Shoots shortened,
highly branched
ADONIS (GORITSVET)
SPRING

Light-loving plants (heliophytes)
2. Leaves often have a waxy cuticle
or pubescence
3. The leaves are small or
heavily dissected,
often turned to the light edge
VERONICA GRAY
feather grass
4. A large number of stomata

Shade-loving plants (sciophytes) - plants that constantly
in shady conditions.
Attachments:
1. The leaves are dark green, large, thin
European hoof
2. Leaves are arranged horizontally
DOUBLE-LEAF MAINS

Shade-loving plants (sciophytes)
3. Well-defined leaf mosaic
Snyt vulgaris

Shade tolerant plants - can grow in conditions
shading, but prefer light areas.
Attachments:
1. Expressed sheet mosaic
2. Leaves can change orientation with respect to light
Gorse Dyeing
ANEMONE
FOREST
LUMBAGO
DISCLOSED

Ecological groups of plants in relation to the soil
Soil is the top fertile layer of the earth's crust.
Fertility - the ability of the soil to meet the needs
plants in essential substances.
Soil composition
inorganic substances
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sand
Clay
Water
Air
mineral salts
organic matter
1. Humus (humus)
2. Humic acids

Soils of the Tambov region
Chernozem
(neutral)
gray forest
(neutral)
Sandy
(neutral)
Peat swamps
(sour)
psammophytes
oxylophytes
Salt licks
(high in salt)
halophytes

Psammophytes are plants that live on sandy soils.
Attachments:
1. Long roots
2. Storage of water in the body
BLUEGRASS
BULBOUS
3. Small leaves
EPHEDRA
TWO-SPIN
YOUNGER
CHONDRILLA

Oxylophytes are plants that grow in acidic soils.
Attachments:
1. The leaves are small, dense,
leathery.
2. The leaves are pubescent
or cuticle
SWAMP CRANBERRY
MYRT OF THE BOGS
3. Insectivorous
SUNDEW
ROUND-LEAVED
Marsh Ledum

Halophytes are plants that grow on salt licks.
Attachments:
1. The presence of salt glands
in the leaves
KERMEK
HAIRY
2. Accumulation of salts in cells
SVEDA STRETCHED

Ecological groups of plants in relation to water
Hydatophytes are plants that are completely submerged in water.
Attachments:
1. The root system is poorly developed
2. Water absorption goes on the entire surface of the body
3. Stomata don't work
4. There are many intercellular spaces filled with air in tissues
TELOREZ
VODOKRAS
TURCHA

Hydrophytes are plants that grow along the banks of water bodies.
Attachments:
1. Mechanical and conductive tissues are well developed
2. Developed intercellular spaces filled with air
ARROW LEAF
ORDINARY
cattail
BROAD-LEAVED
Chastukha
PLANTAIN

Hygrophytes are plants that live in highly humid environments.
soils.
Attachments:
1. Tissues contain large amounts of water
2. There are devices for extracting water in the form of droplets
IMPOSSIBLE
ORDINARY
KALUZHNICA
BOLOTNAYA
CORE
LUGOVOI

Mesophytes - plants of moderately moist places.
Attachments:
1. Can tolerate short moderate drought
2. Conductive tissues and root system are well developed
3. Stomata are active
ORANGE
ORDINARY
CLOVER RED
FOXTAIL
LUGOVOI

Xerophytes - plants of arid places.
1. Sclerophytes - plants that are adapted to the presence
small amount of water in the cells.
Attachments:
1. Plants look like they're dried out
2. The leaves are small, in the form of scales
3. Leaves have a cuticle or pubescence
4. In some plants, the leaves can fold into a tube.
FEATHER GRASS
TIPCAC
ZHITNYAK

2. Succulents are plants that accumulate water in their tissues.
Attachments:
1. Have water storage tissue in stems or leaves
2. The leaves are covered with a wax coating
3. Stomata are submerged deep into the leaf
YOUNGER
STEDONE PURPLE

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Ecological groups of plants in relation to water xerophytes hydrophytes "xeros" - dry "hydro" - water mesophytes "meso" - medium hygrophytes "hygro" - moisture

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Representatives of swamp hygrophytes

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Hygrophytes on the banks of water bodies - "amphibious plants" sedge reed reed cattail

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Hydrophytes "hydro" - water, "phytos" - plant A. Completely submerged in water or floating on the surface. Features: 1. Vessels are poorly developed or completely absent. 2. The mechanical tissue is not developed, because ... water itself supports the plant in an upright position 3. There are air cavities in the petioles of the leaves. 4. An increase in the surface of the body compared to its mass. 5. Do not survive in the air. pondweed watercress hornwort

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Hydrophytes "hydro" - water, "phytos" - plant B. They are able to live outside the water, but the roots must be in the water. arrowhead chastukha telorez Question: What is the peculiarity of the location of stomata in aquatic plants?