Obzh message on the subject of electricity. Abstract of a lesson on life safety in the preparatory group for school “Magic electricity. How electrical appliances work

slide 4

IRON

Strokes everything it touches
And if you touch it, it bites.
A very necessary friend in life -
Electric iron!

slide 5

hair dryer

The dry wind dries Curls of my mother.

slide 6

FRIDGE

Love, look:
North Pole inside
There sparkles snow and ice,
Winter lives there.
Forever us this winter
Brought from the store.

Slide 7

ELECTRIC KETTLE

Boiling from the inside
And blows bubbles.
enjoy the evening
Delicious brewed tea!

Slide 8

TELEPHONE

Slide 9

TV

I look at the screen in the apartment,
And I see what's going on in the world.
Weather, news, movies,
Learn about sports at the same time.

Slide 10

WASHING MACHINE

Item needed
we have
Works silently
he pleases the eye.
It will save time
and save your hands
Washing machine
save us from worries!

slide 11

VACUUM CLEANER

We have a robot in our apartment, -
He has a huge trunk.
The robot loves cleanliness
And buzzes like a liner: "Too-oo."
Willingly swallows the dust
But not sick, not sneezing.

slide 12

ELECTRIC STOVE

four red suns
I have in my kitchen
four red suns
They burned and faded.
Borscht, pie, pancakes are ready.
Until tomorrow the sun is not needed.

slide 13

MICROWAVE

Cooking quickly, deftly -
Need a microwave.
Ring! Here is delicious food.
We cook quickly, without difficulty!

Slide 14

RECORD PLAYER

My friend is with me
lives nearby.
Click on the button -
and he will sing a song.

slide 15

FAN

With propeller fast this
He gives us a fresh breeze!
And the air will be fresher
For all people, for all children!

slide 16

Slide 17

Doesn't like electricity

• METAL
• ITEMS

Slide 18

Think. Draw a conclusion

Slide 19

Can I repair electrical appliances myself?

Slide 20

Why is there a danger sign?

slide 21

Consider the drawing carefully.

Make a conclusion.

slide 22

State the cause of the fire

slide 23

Rules for the use of electrical appliances

• Do not turn on electrical appliances with wet hands.
• Bare wires must not be touched.

slide 24

Continue the offer

Today in class I (me) ....

Slide 25

View all slides

Abstract

Lifestyle lesson

Primary classes

"Electricity"

Target:

Tasks:

Lesson progress

Conducting an experiment.

(action of electricity)

Topic message.

Story(handout on tables)

supports,

lightning rod.

electrical substation. There is a special car - transformer.

How does electricity come to your home?

(Discussion.)

Crossword "Electrical appliances"

Only me, only me

I'm in charge of the kitchen.

Without me, no matter how hard you work,

He willingly inhales the dust,

On the table, in a cap,

Yes in a glass bottle

A friend settled

Cheerful spark. (lamp)

Look at my barrel

The top is spinning in me

He doesn't hit anyone.

pull themselves apart

Not radio, but says

Do not use faulty electrical appliances.

You can not repair, disassemble electrical appliances yourself.

Do not pick the socket with your finger or other objects.

(discussion)

Outcome.

Reflection

Continue the offer.

Today in class I (me) ....

Lifestyle lesson

Selivanova Svetlana Anatolievna

Primary classes

"Electricity"

Target:

Familiarize students with the rules for using electrical appliances.

Tasks:

To expand students' knowledge about the variety of electrical appliances used in everyday life.

Familiarize yourself with the rules for using electrical appliances.

Develop logical thinking.

Build information skills.

Lesson progress

Conducting an experiment.

If you rub a pencil on a piece of woolen cloth, then bring it to small pieces of paper laid on the table, we will see .... What is this phenomenon?

(action of electricity)

Topic message.

The word "Electricity" is a Greek word and means amber. Even in ancient times, the Greek mathematician Thales had an idea about electricity. By rubbing the amber stick against the wool, he seemed to charge it with static electricity. Brought to the head, this wand attracted the hair. We have received such electricity ourselves.

But this electricity is called static because it only accumulates in various objects. It cannot be transmitted over a distance and used in lighting fixtures.

Later, scientists found that electricity is a stream of tiny charged particles - electrons. Each electron carries a small charge of energy. But when there are a lot of electrons, the charge becomes large and an electric voltage arises. This is why electric current can travel long distances through wires.

Independent work in groups. Find the answer to the question:

Story(handout on tables)

To transfer electricity to where it is needed, power lines are built. You, of course, saw high pillars outside the village - supports, to which wires are attached. Through these wires, electricity from power plants comes to different cities and towns.

Electricity flows through wires at very high voltages, reaching hundreds of thousands of volts.

So that no one could even accidentally touch the wires, they are suspended high in the sky on special supports. And so that lightning does not strike the wires, a special wire is hung over them - lightning rod.

You can see it at the very top of the pillar.

When electricity comes to the city through wires, it goes to electrical substation. There is a special car - transformer.

Never touch a cable that is sticking out of the ground, because it may be under high voltage!

Electricity comes through the cables to the transformer box, which stands near the houses in your village. The small transformer in it lowers the voltage even more, so that the electricity can now be used in various appliances that are in your home.

How does electricity come to your home?

Why are the pillars so high?

What rule did you learn from reading the story?

(Discussion.)

What appliances in your home can use electricity?

Crossword "Electrical appliances"

Only me, only me

I'm in charge of the kitchen.

Without me, no matter how hard you work,

Sit without lunch. (electric stove)

He willingly inhales the dust,

Not sick, not sneezing. (vacuum cleaner)

On the table, in a cap,

Yes in a glass bottle

A friend settled

Cheerful spark. (lamp)

Look at my barrel

The top is spinning in me

He doesn't hit anyone.

The cream will knock you down quickly. (mixer)

pull themselves apart

Not radio, but says

Not theater, but shows. (TV)

What was the keyword? (dangerous)

When you press the switch of a lamp or some device, the electric current coming from the generator begins to flow through the wires and the device starts to operate, and the light bulb glows.

If the wires fail, the electricity becomes dangerous. A person can accidentally touch a bare wire, and he will be shocked. Wires can be connected and a short circuit or even a fire will occur.

Therefore, if you see a bare wire or a faulty switch, an outlet, immediately tell an adult about it.

Everything that runs on electricity must be serviceable!

If the TV or vacuum cleaner smells of burning, if sparks are visible, you must immediately unplug the wire from the outlet. This device needs to be repaired.

Can you repair faulty electrical appliances yourself?

You need to know how to handle electricity!

What should never be done?

Do not use faulty electrical appliances.

You can not repair, disassemble electrical appliances yourself.

Do not pick the socket with your finger or other objects.

Remember, electricity does not like being near water.

Discuss pictures on slides. (We draw our own conclusions)

Several electrical appliances are on the table.

Consider them carefully and determine which electrical appliances cannot be used.

(discussion)

Outcome.

Let's repeat once again what rules for using electrical appliances.

What have we learned about electricity?

Why is it dangerous? How to avoid trouble when interacting with electricity?

Reflection

Continue the offer.

Today in class I (me) ....

The safest are refrigerators and automatic washing machines, electric kettles, microwave ovens. If something goes wrong, they turn off automatically. Audio recorders and music centers are practically safe. All devices that run on batteries are absolutely safe - players, flashlights, toys.

TVs, computers, electric fireplaces, electric irons, electric stoves and lighting devices are more dangerous. The most dangerous are those that we turn on and off ourselves, which are not designed for a long time of continuous operation. These are coffee grinders, hair dryers, food processors, boilers.

What is the danger of electric contact with a person? There are two main reasons: the first is the mechanical damage to human tissues, the second is the effect of electricity on the nervous system. As is known, the mechanism of transmission of nerve signals is based on an electrochemical nature. Simply put, a person has his own electricity.

With the help of nerve signals, the muscles move, including the heart, coordination and control of all internal organs are carried out. In the case of contact with a live conductor, the human body reacts to this as a signal of its own nervous system but immeasurably more powerful. Muscles convulsively contract, coming into a state of constant tension, and relax

they fail - the incoming signal overrides the body's commands.

Finally, electrical wiring is also dangerous. A faulty appliance or damaged wiring can cause a fire. If the device itself or the electrical cord suddenly catches fire, in no case do not fill the fire with water. Unplug the appliance from the mains, then throw earth from the flower pots on the fire.

The smell of burning plastic may indicate that the insulation has begun to melt. In this case, immediately turn off all electrical appliances and light bulbs. Gently touch the outlets to see if they are hot. If the socket cover becomes hot, do not use it again until a specialist determines the cause of the heating. It is extremely dangerous to independently install non-standard fuses in electrical panels. Also, do not use homemade electrical appliances.

Rules for handling electrical appliances.

- When you have finished using the appliance, be sure to unplug it from the mains. The exception is the refrigerator.

- If the device is heating - iron, fireplace, etc. - do not remove it until it has completely cooled down.

- If the device fails, turn it off immediately and unplug it from the socket. Call in a professional to repair your electrical appliance.

- If the wiring is damaged, never touch bare wires.

- Do not connect many electrical appliances to one outlet.

Source: www.49.mchs.gov.ru

21.09.2014 17:51

Newsline

• 15:52
• 15:52
• 11:42
• 11:42
• 18:52
• 18:52
• 00:02
• 19:52
• 15:32
• 15:32
• 13:32
• 03:02
• 03:02
• 00:52
• 00:52
• 22:42

This presentation aims to acquaint students with the danger posed by electricity; give an idea about electrical injuries and teach them how to avoid them. Familiarize yourself with electrical safety and teach how to act in the event of an electrical appliance fire. Familiarize yourself with the methods of first aid to the victim.

Download:

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

“To distant villages, cities. Who is walking along the wires? Bright Majesty! This is ... Lesson objectives: to familiarize students with the danger posed by electricity; to give an idea about injuries and teach them how to avoid them; familiarize yourself with electrical safety. Electricity

Where does a person use electricity? Is electricity always beneficial? Look at the pictures and make up electrical safety rules based on them.

10 “DO NOT” in everyday life and on the street DO NOT pull the plug from the socket by the wire DO NOT grab the wires of electrical appliances with wet hands DO NOT use faulty electrical appliances DO NOT touch wires that are sagging, broken or lying on the ground DO NOT climb or even go near the transformer box DO NOT throw nothing on wires and electrical installations DO NOT approach a tree if you notice a broken wire on it DO NOT climb on supports DO NOT play under air lines power lines DO NOT climb on the roofs of houses and buildings, next to which there are electric wires

Electrical Safety Rules Do not touch bare or poorly insulated wire; Do not use faulty and homemade electrical appliances, sockets; Do not touch the switched on electrical appliances with wet hands; Do not remove the plug from the socket with wet hands.

Can electricity cause a fire?

To prevent electricity from causing a fire Do not leave electrical wiring exposed; Do not plug in more than three appliances; Do not use electric irons, tiles without special fireproof stands; Do not leave unattended electrical appliances turned on; Do not use paper, fabric as a lampshade for light bulbs; Turn off lights and appliances when leaving home

First aid for electric shock. Ensure your safety. Put on dry gloves (rubber, woolen, leather, etc.), rubber boots. Turn off the power source if possible. When approaching the victim on the ground, walk in small steps, no more than 10 cm.

Drop the wire from the victim with a dry non-conductive object (stick, plastic). Pull the victim by the clothes at least 10 meters from the place where the wire touches the ground or from equipment that is energized.

Call (on your own or with the help of others) " ambulance". Determine the presence of a pulse on the carotid artery, the reaction of the pupils to light, spontaneous breathing. If there are no signs of life, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

When restoring spontaneous breathing and heartbeat, give the victim a stable lateral position.

If the victim has regained consciousness, cover and warm him. Monitor his condition until the arrival of medical personnel, there may be a second cardiac arrest.

Paragraph 2.4 Answer the questions on page 39

Homework Paragraph 2.4 Drawing competition "We are for safe electricity!"

Types of electric shock.

Passing through a living organism current produces the action:

1. thermal - in burns of certain areas, heating of blood vessels, blood, nerves.

2. electrolytic --decomposition of blood and other organic fluids.

3. biological - irritation and excitation of living tissues of the body, which is accompanied by involuntary convulsive contraction of muscles, including the muscles of the heart and lungs.

As a result of all this, various disorders in the body can occur, up to a complete stop of the heart and lungs.

All this leads to two defeats: electrical injuries and electrical shocks.

electrical injury This is a clearly expressed local damage to body tissues caused by exposure to el. current or arc. Usually this is a lesion of the skin, ligaments and bones. In most cases, e. injuries are fully or partially cured. In some cases, death may occur.

Distinguish the following email. injuries: email burn, e. marks, metallization of the skin and mechanical damage.

Email burn- the most common email. injury.

There are two types of burns: current and arc.

Current burn-- occurs when current passes through the body, and burns are observed.

arc burn-- is the result of exposure to the body email. arc, there is a high temperature - up to 3500.

Email signs- marks on the body of gray color - when passing email. current.

Leather plating- penetration into the skin of small particles of metal, molten el. arc.

Email hit - this is the excitation of living tissues during the passage of email. current. There are four of them in order of severity:

Clinical (imaginary) death - a transitional period from life to death, coming from the moment the heart and lungs stop working. A person in a state of clinical death lacks all signs of life. However, the body has not died yet, metabolic processes continue.

Cause of death from current - the cessation of the work of the heart, lungs, el. shock.

fibrillation are chaotic rapid heartbeats.

The resistance of the human body with dry clean skin is from 3,000 to 100,000 ohms.

The main factors affecting the outcome of electric shock.

Value current passing through a person is the main factor determining the outcome of the lesion. A person begins to feel the passage of an alternating current of industrial frequency (50 Hz) of 0.6-1.5 mA, and a direct current of 5-7 mA is the so-called current sensation thresholds. Large currents cause convulsions in a person.

At 10-15 mA, the pain becomes barely bearable, and the convulsions are such that a person cannot overcome them.

Duration the passage of current through the human body affects the outcome of the lesion: the longer the effect of the current, the greater the likelihood of a severe fatal injury.

Current path in the body of the victim plays a significant role in the outcome of the lesion. So if vital organs are on the path of the current - the heart, lungs, brain, then the danger of damage is very high.

Type of current and frequency direct current is less dangerous than alternating current by about four times, but this is true up to 250-300 V. An increase in frequency leads to an increase in danger.

The main measures of protection against the defeat of email. current are:

Ensuring the inaccessibility of current-carrying parts under voltage for accidental contact, eliminating the risk of damage when voltage appears on cases, casings;

Protective grounding, zeroing, protective shutdown;

Use of low voltages;

The use of double insulation.

Classification of premises according to the danger of electric shock:

1.Premises without increased danger These are dry, dust-free rooms with a normal temperature. Example : Living spaces.

2.Premises with increased danger :

Dampness, relative humidity 75%;

High temperature over 30 degrees;

Conductive dust.

Example : workshops machining, metal floors, metal stairs.

3.Premises especially dangerous :

Dampness 100%;

Chemically active environment.

Protective ground.

Intentional connection to earth and other structural, metallic parts of electrical equipment that are not normally energized, but may become energized by accidental connection to current-carrying parts. The task of protective grounding is to eliminate the danger of human shock in case of touching the housing that is energized.

Scope of protective grounding three-phase power supply networks up to 1000 V. with isolated center.

The principle of operation of protective grounding is to relieve the voltage between the housing that is energized and to a safe value. So the difference with protective grounding and without current will be about 150 times.

Grounding devices - this is a set of ground electrode - metal conductors.

Grounding conductors are artificial and natural.

Grounding conductors are usually made of sheet steel.

Equipment to be grounded is metal non-current-carrying metal parts of electrical equipment, while in rooms with increased danger or especially dangerous grounding installations above 12 volts AC or 110 volts DC.

Zeroing.

Zeroing called connection to a repeatedly grounded neutral wire of the power supply network of cases and other metal parts of electrical equipment that are not normally energized.

The task of grounding is the same as that of protective grounding.

Zeroing principle --transformation of the breakdown to the body into a single-phase short circuit (i.e. a short circuit between the phase and the neutral wire) in order to cause a large current capable of ensuring the operation of the protection, i.e. disconnect the units from the power supply. Such protection are: fuses, automatic devices.

Zeroing scope: three-phase four-wire networks up to 1000 V. with a solidly grounded neutral.

protective equipment

Protective equipment is divided into three groups: insulating, enclosing, protective.

insulating - provide isolation of the person from current-carrying parts, and also from the earth. Insulating protective equipment is divided into basic and additional.

Basic insulating means--able long time withstand operating voltages (up to 1000 V. - rubber gloves, tools with insulated handles).

Additional insulating means- up to 1000 in. dielectric galoshes, rugs.

Enclosing means --temporary fencing --shields, portable grounding.

Safety - goggles, gas masks, safety belts.

the affected e. current

T.K. urgent arrival of doctors is unlikely, then everyone working with email. should be able to provide first aid.

First aid in case of electric shock. current consists of two stages: release from the action of email. and providing him with medical care. Since the long passage of email. current - the criterion is very dangerous, it is very important to release the victim from the effects of email as quickly as possible. current. It is also necessary to quickly begin to provide first aid and call a doctor, even if the victim is in a state of clinical death.

The release of a person from the action of email. current: disconnection - using the nearest knife switch, if it is not known where it is located or it is far away, then you need to cut the wires with an ax with wooden handle(up to 1000 c.). If the victim is at a height, then when the power is turned off, he may fall - take measures so that the person does not receive new injuries. In addition, when the power is turned off, the light may go out. If the clothes are dry, then you can try to drag a person behind them, without touching the body. If the voltage is up to 1000v. try to push the victim away from current-carrying parts with a dry stick, or vice versa, throw the wires away from the person; for the same purpose, you can use a dry rope. If nothing can be done, make a short circuit.

First aid measures

If the victim is conscious, but was in a faint, lay on a bed, ensure peace and wait for a doctor. After the defeat of current can not move, let alone work.

If the victim is unconscious, but with steady breathing, lay down, unfasten his clothes and belt, bring him back to consciousness - with ammonia or simply sprinkle with water.

If the victim is breathing poorly convulsively, intermittently, it is necessary to do artificial respiration and heart massage.

If the victim has no signs of life, it must be considered that he is in a state of "clinical death" and immediately begin to revive. And this must be done before the doctor arrives. only he can confirm death.

Production of artificial respiration

Artificial respiration provides rapid saturation of the victim's blood with oxygen. In addition, artificial respiration causes reflex excitation of the respiratory center of the brain, which ensures the restoration of natural breathing.

The most effective method of artificial respiration is mouth-to-mouth. There is enough oxygen in the exhaled air.

Before starting artificial respiration, you must quickly:

1. release the victim from tight clothing - unfasten the tie, collar, trousers.

2. lay on your back.

3. open your mouth, examine the oral cavity with your fingers, remove mucus, saliva, etc. with a handkerchief.

4. open the larynx to allow air to pass freely into the lungs. Tilt your head back, put your hand under the back of your head, and with the other hand press on your forehead.

At the end of the preparatory operations, the assisting person takes a deep breath and exhales the air with force into the victim's mouth. At the same time, he should cover the entire mouth of the victim with his mouth and pinch his nose with his cheek. In 1 minute, 10-12 injections should be done. if there is an air duct, blow through it.

Heart massage

Heart massage is an artificial rhythmic contraction of the victim's heart, simulating its independent contraction. When providing assistance to the injured e. conduct an indirect heart massage with current - rhythmic pressure on the chest, i.e. on the front wall chest.

Preparation for cardiac massage is carried out simultaneously with preparation for artificial respiration. The caregiver is located to the right of the victim, leans over him, determines the position of the lower third of the sternum, puts his hand on it, the second on it and rhythmically presses on the chest. It is necessary to press with a frequency of 1 time per second. Through 4-6 "beats of the heart" to produce one "breath". After the appearance of a heartbeat, carry out this operation for 5-10 minutes.

The elimination of cardiac fibrillation with the restoration of the work of the heart can be achieved by short-term exposure to a large current on the heart of the victim. As a result of a powerful impulse, all the fibers of the heart muscle contract, which before that did not contract rhythmically. The defibrillator is basically a 6 microfarad capacitor with a working voltage of 6 thousand volts. Discharge current 15-20 A, duration 10 microseconds. This is done only by a doctor.

Not releasing current --10-15mA at 50Hz, 50-60mA for DC--threshold non-release current.

Current 25-50mA (50Hz) affects the muscles not only of the arms, but also of the trunk, including the muscles of the chest, the movement of which is very difficult. Prolonged exposure to this current can cause cessation of breathing, after which death by asphyxiation may occur.

Current 100 mA to 5 A AC and 300 mA to 5 A DC- after 1-2 seconds, fibrillation of the heart. At the same time, blood circulation stops, a lack of oxygen occurs in the body, which in turn leads to the cessation of breathing, i.e. death comes.

Currents over 5A do not cause cardiac fibrillation. With such currents, an immediate cardiac arrest occurs, bypassing the state of fibrillation. If the action of the current turned out to be short-term 1-2 seconds and did not cause damage to the heart, after the current is turned off, as a rule, the heart continues its activity on its own. Alternating current is more dangerous, but in the range from 0 to 50 Hz, a further increase in frequency, despite the increase in current, passing through the human body, is accompanied by a decrease in danger, which completely disappears at 450-500 kHz. But these currents retain the risk of burns.