About a derivative preposition or not. Non-derivative and derived prepositions rules. There is no hyphen

There are many spelling rules in the Russian language. Most of them cause writing difficulties not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One of these rules is the spelling of prepositions. Mainly the problem is finding them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most people do not have difficulty finding them. But in the Russian language there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts of speech. These are derived prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or gerunds. They are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty encountering them in the text.

Characteristics of derived prepositions

All prepositions in the Russian language are auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own meaning and morphological characteristics. They serve as a connecting link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in the Russian language appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological characteristics and meaning. Because of this, their spelling often differs from the original words, causing spelling difficulties. They are used quite often in speech, so every literate person should be able to find them and write them correctly.

Features of this part of speech

1. Derivative prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, “near”, “around”, “thanks to”, “towards” and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had as a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination of a non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: “with the help”, “for lack of”, “not counting”, “at the expense”, “to the extent” and others.

2. The spelling of such prepositions needs to be memorized, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. In difficult cases, you need to check a spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is in writing the prepositions “during”, “in continuation”, “as a result”, “subsequently”.

3. To determine that a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, is used in a sentence, you need to replace it with another preposition or conjunction. For example, “as a result” - “because of”, “about” - “about”, “towards” - “to”, “like” - “how”.

4. There is a small group of derived prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from the independent parts of speech from which they originated. This causes difficulties in writing them. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These words are: “about”, “as a result of”, “thanks to”, “despite” and others.

Types of derivative prepositions

All prepositions under consideration are divided into three groups depending on what part of speech they came from.

1. Adverbial prepositions, that is, derived prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically they indicate the time and location of an object in space. For example, “near the house”, “after school”, “inside the box” and others.

2. Denominal prepositions are so called because they are formed from a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal or object relations. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and they are the ones that most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: “in connection”, “to the extent”, “about”, “like”, “on arrival” and others.

3. Verbal prepositions originate from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used with only one case. For example: “thanks to (what?)”, “in spite of (what?)”, “despite (what?)”.

What meanings do they have?

Each derived preposition, when combined with nouns, gives it a specific meaning. Most often they are used with one case, but you can also ask adverbial questions about them. The most common meanings of derived prepositions:

They denote a certain period of time: “during”, “at the end”, “in completion”, “after” and others;

Causal relations are determined by prepositions: “thanks to”, “in spite of”, “due to”, “as a result of”;

They can indicate the location of an object: “near”, “about”, “opposite”, “in front” and others.

How to learn to write prepositions correctly

The spelling of independent words is regulated by spelling rules. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty spelling. And derived prepositions do not follow any rules. You need to remember how to write them. But in difficult cases, you can check with a spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by people’s inability to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, there will be fewer mistakes. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.

Ways to search for prepositions in text

1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derived preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, “in view of - because of”, “about - about”, “towards - to”, “following - for” and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: “for an account - for a book”, “for a meeting - for a date”.

2. Ask a question about the word. If there is a preposition in a sentence, then most likely it will be part of the question, and the answer will be a noun: “I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)” or “(where?) - opposite the school.” And the word, as an independent part of speech, itself answers the question: “this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite.”

3. A derivative preposition cannot be removed from a sentence without losing the meaning and destroying the grammatical structure: “to walk in front of the column - to walk (?) the column.” If you remove the significant part of the speech, then although the meaning will be impoverished, the sentence will not lose its integrity: “he walked ahead - he walked.”

4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, “during the day” is a preposition that denotes a period of time, and “during the river” is a noun that denotes the flow of water.

What derivative prepositions are written together

Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions have so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has any difficulty spelling them. For example, “near”, “like”, “in view of”, “instead of”, “like”, “inside” and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here you need to be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, “due to the rain” is a preposition; you can replace it with the word “due to,” and “as a consequence of the case” is a noun: “(in what?) - as a result.” More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: “towards each other” - “to meet friends”, “about repairs” - “to a bank account”. You also need to remember that “not” in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: “despite his advanced age (despite what?)” is a preposition, but compare: “he walked without (not looking) around” .

Compound derivative prepositions

Spelling of prepositions that consist of two words also causes difficulties. But they are not associated with the separate spelling of these words, but most often with the letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be remembered, since basically it is completely different from the nouns from which these words come:

The letter “and” is written at the end of the prepositions “after”, “on arrival”, “at the end”, “in connection”, “in accordance”, “in comparison”, “during”;

You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter “e” at the end: “during”, “in continuation”, “in conclusion”, “in contrast”, “in conclusion”, “in commemoration”, “on arrival”, “on arrival” ";

There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: “by virtue”, “to the extent”, “in connection” and some others.

In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to more accurately express your thoughts and use grammatically correct constructions.

Derivative and non-derivative prepositions are, first of all, a service part of speech. It connects words with each other and shows their dependence on each other. Prepositions cannot be used separately; they always stand near pronouns, nouns or numerals. So...

Pretext

Literally, “preposition” means “before the word” and, indeed, they always come before the words with which they are combined.

There are only four exception prepositions, which are located both before and after the combined words. This:

For the sake of boredom, for the sake of boredom;

Go towards fate, go towards fate;

In defiance of laws, in defiance of dreams;

Contrary to plans, contrary to plans.

In terms of frequency of use, prepositions occupy a place immediately after nouns, verbs and pronouns.

Between significant words, the subordinating relationship is determined precisely through prepositions.

When grammatical relations are made up of a combination of a noun and a preposition, the meaning of the latter is obtained.

In phrases, the connection between words is made through endings and prepositions. For example, follow your mother.

Prepositions and cases

In most cases, prepositions are used with one case:

with the genitive case you can use a derivative and non-derivative preposition y, and for, to, from and others;
the preposition is combined with the dative case To, there are also some in the Russian language that are not used at all with cases other than the dative - thanks, in spite of, according to, in defiance of, towards;
with the accusative case about, through, through etc.;
with instrumental - before, above, between;
and with the prepositional - oh, at

Some prepositions are used with two cases at once, for example:

prepositions V And on it is equally correct to use with words in the accusative and prepositional cases;
under And behind- in the accusative and instrumental.

Prepositions With And By can appear before words in the genitive, accusative and instrumental cases.

With the nominative case, prepositions are not used at all.

Thus, by the preposition in front you can find out in which case the word is in, which is of great importance for the correct spelling of endings.

The main morphological feature of a preposition is immutability.

Prepositions by structure

Prepositions are distinguished by structure, meaning, relationships, origin and structure.

Structurally, prepositions can consist of one word - simple ( o, at, in, on, with and others), from two words connected by a hyphen - complex (due to, over) etc.), as well as from several words - compound ( despite, due to etc.).

Prepositions by meaning

There are categories in the meaning of prepositions:

Single-valued prepositions are used with a single case, polysemous prepositions with several. Depending on the case construction, the meaning of the preposition may change. Some have more than thirty.

Non-derivative and derivative prepositions

A separate block is the classification of prepositions by structure and origin.

Non-derivative prepositions have always existed, they are considered primitive, and they have always been prepositions. Like this? It becomes clear from the definition of derived prepositions, which were originally other parts of speech (for example, adverbs), and with the development of language they began to be used as prepositions - around, behind, in part. Derivatives also include prepositions made up of several simple ones - because of, over.

Derived prepositions also have their own categories depending on the part of speech from which they were formed:

From adverbs - adverbial prepositions, they indicate space and time - instead of, against, through and others;

From nouns - denominate prepositions that express objective and sometimes adverbial relationships - like, during, in part;

From verbs - verbal, they are formed from gerunds (verb forms) and show adverbial relations: excluding, despite, etc.

Spelling prepositions

All derivative and non-derivative prepositions are written separately from words. The spelling is checked by asking a question that can be inserted between them. For example, on the table, on (what?) the table.

If prepositions are derived from adverbs, they are written together: run towards the sun. Here it is important to learn to distinguish between prepositions and adverbs. The first ones are not used without nouns or pronouns: approach towards (adverb), approach towards (preposition) traffic lights.

You need to remember that derivative prepositions in view of, like, about, instead of, like, as a result are written together.

Another way to distinguish non-derivative and derivative prepositions from other parts of speech is to replace it with a preposition of similar meaning. For example: due to a breakdown, the car could not drive - due to a breakdown, the car could not drive.

Ending - e written in prepositions such as: during, in continuation, as a result. The reason for this writing was their origin - these prepositions are formed from the form. To distinguish them from nouns, you should try to substitute a definition: in the rapid flow of the river, in the languid continuation of sleep. If this succeeds, then you have a noun with a preposition.

Paired derivative prepositions are written with a hyphen from under, over and others.

Non-derivative and derivative prepositions have their exceptions - words with special spellings. Through ends with a soft sign. The sun was breaking through the thick darkness. Here's an excuse near, Also as on the contrary, written without a soft sign at the end: near the stream. Prepositions according to And thanks to stand before a noun or pronoun in the dative case, but not the genitive - thanks to the efforts.

Integrated spelling of derivative and non-derivative prepositions

In the middle written together when expressing spatial relationships: in the middle of that sea.

Despite, despite- unlike gerunds with a preposition, they are written together and take on a concessive meaning. We walked despite the rain. at him, the girl passed by.

Like in meaning it seems, it seems written together. Like rowan berries. Look at the similarity of isosceles triangles.

In view oh oh pretext about has a continuous spelling. Compare: gave instructions about the subbotnik. He gave instructions to deposit money into the account.

Also spelled towards, but do not confuse with to the meeting. For example, towards a sunny day; to meet my youth.

A rather complex derived preposition, which is not similar to a noun not only in its continuous spelling, but also in the final letter e - as a result. This is a synonym for the preposition because of. No one was injured as a result of the earthquake. As a consequence Some changes have been made to the case. There is also an adverb subsequently, it is also always written together and with the letter And at the end.

Following written together when it is a synonym for a preposition behind. She quickly followed him. They followed each other.

It looks like or like are written together. It seems like a shadow, or maybe light. There were often merry people in his family.

Taking a causal or effectual meaning, a preposition due to (because of) has a continuous spelling. Due to the strong storm, the signal was weak. If it concerns space, then it is written separately. There was nothing special about these bushes. Exception: keep in mind.

Separate writing of prepositions

The list of derived and non-derivative prepositions, which are written separately, looks like this:

in business;
in connection with;
into change;
to avoid;
Finally;
as;
in moderation;
by virtue of;
for;
as;
Unlike;
in continuation;
during.

Prepositions and other parts of speech

Prepositions, non-derivative and especially derivative, often sound similar to other parts of speech. In order not to get confused and make mistakes when writing them, you should remember several rules and features.

You can make sure that the preposition in front of you is derivative by replacing it with another without losing its semantic meaning. Due to a lack of materials, the house was not completed. Due to a lack of materials, the house was not completed.

Preposition: derived and non-derivative prepositions
Prepositions	Adverbs	Notes
opposite the garden	I'm standing opposite	Derivatives and non-derivatives prepositions: writing examples. If there is no noun nearby Otherwise it's an excuse.
ahead of the column	fly ahead
near the house	lie near
inside the box	paint inside
baths all around	looked sideways
along the hedge	stitch along
near the sandbox	no one around
according to the order	think according to
around the clearing	beauty all around
due to bad weather	he had in mind
have lunch with you	have lunch together
to be homesick away from home	see in the distance
Prepositions	Nouns
about the proposal	funds have been credited to the account
due to thunderstorm	amendments were made as a result
during the lecture	along the river	Non-derivative and derivative prepositions that have the meaning of time are interchangeable: among them, during, in continuation. What will help to distinguish them from a noun with a non-derivative preposition is that in the case of the latter there is no meaning of time. You can also insert a definition before the noun.
in continuation of what has been said	in continuation of the article
heard in conclusion	in the review report he heard
due to lack of time	no one believed in his power
Prepositions	Participles
thanks to the light	thanks to mom
despite the pain	without looking out the window

Preposition analysis: morphology

Derivative and non-derivative prepositions: the rule contains three points.

Preposition: part of speech. It is necessary to define the preposition and its grammatical meaning (what phrase it is in, what words it is used to connect with, what case it is used with, and with which others it may be used).
Constant morphological features of the preposition (structure, structure, bit depth).
Preposition: syntactic role (which part of the sentence it is part of).

Attention! Prepositions

To learn how to correctly write derivative and non-derivative prepositions, exercises must be performed as often as possible. Especially derivatives that were formed from so easily confused with a noun, adverb or gerund, thereby making a mistake.

The table above will help you quickly remember or learn how to spell this or that preposition. Derivative and non-derivative prepositions are found in almost every sentence; their list is very extensive, so when writing you should treat them with special attention.

Characteristics of derived prepositions

Features of this part of speech

Types of derivative prepositions

All prepositions under consideration are divided into three groups depending on what part of speech they came from.

What meanings do they have?

They denote a certain period of time: “during”, “at the end”, “in completion”, “after” and others;

Causal relations are determined by prepositions: “thanks to”, “in spite of”, “due to”, “as a result of”;

They can indicate the location of an object: “near”, “about”, “opposite”, “in front” and others.

How to learn to write prepositions correctly

Ways to search for prepositions in text

4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, “during the day” is a preposition that denotes a period of time, and “during the river” is a noun that denotes the flow of water.

What derivative prepositions are written together

Compound derivative prepositions

The letter “and” is written at the end of the prepositions “after”, “on arrival”, “at the end”, “in connection”, “in accordance”, “in comparison”, “during”;

There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: “by virtue”, “to the extent”, “in connection” and some others.

NON-DERIVATIVE AND DERIVATIVE PREPOSITIONS The work was completed by: Myachina Yana, grade 7B Teacher: Sokolova E.V.

Preposition This is an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun (or a pronoun replacing it) on another noun (a fence around the house, talking with them), an adjective (weak due to illness) or a verb (as well as participles and gerunds - run across the field, running across the field without looking at his comrades) in a phrase and sentence.

Due to their syntactic independence, prepositions never act as members of a sentence. Prepositions, unlike independent parts of speech, do not name objects, signs, actions, or quantities; they do not change and are not members of a sentence.

Derivative and non-derivative prepositions The very name of the prepositions that will be discussed suggests their features: Non-derivative prepositions have no analogues in other parts of speech, they were formed as prepositions in, on, without, from, about, with, with, at, through and others. Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning independent parts of speech into auxiliary ones

Non-derivative prepositions Non-derivative prepositions arose a very long time ago and have no analogues in other parts of speech; they were formed as prepositions: from, from, with, at, to, for, in, on, for, about, through, with, over, etc. etc. Most non-derivative prepositions are polysemantic and homonymous to prefixes: for go - behind the forest, in go - to the forest, from go - from the forest, with go - from the mountain, to go - to the table.

Non-derivative prepositions MANY NON-DERIVATIVE PREPOSITIONS CAN BE USED WITH DIFFERENT CASES. From school, to the sea, by car, At a friend's place, with mom, in a store, From home, near the buffet, Around the corner, until dawn I was looking for mushrooms under a tree. Did you recognize the prepositions here?

Derived prepositions Derivative prepositions are formed by the transition of independent parts of speech into functional ones. For example, the preposition around (to walk around the house) comes from the adverb around (it is clearly visible around), the preposition by (to convince by means of strong evidence) - from the noun by in the instrumental case (serves as a convenient way ), preposition in continuation (to sit for an hour) - from the combination of the noun continuation with the preposition in (to believe in the continuation of friendship), preposition thanks (we managed thanks to the help of a friend) - from the gerund thanks (left, thanks for the help provided).

Derived prepositions are divided into categories depending on the parts of speech from which they were formed: adverbial, denominal and verbal. Denominate Adverbial Verbals in view of, like, as a result of, like, about, in fact, to the extent, by virtue of, in relation to, for the purposes of, in part, with the exception of, along the line, to the extent, about, for the reason, in part, with hand, in connection with, along with, in contrast to. Inside, around, in front, on the contrary, on top, in the middle, on top, above, behind, after, in defiance of, contrary to, according to, accordingly, between, besides. thanks, including, excluding, after, ending, not counting, starting with, despite.

Denominative Denominative prepositions are formed from various case forms of nouns and express objective and some adverbial relations, for example: about work, about a statement, by means of a prefix, due to a collapse, on the occasion of a holiday, during a lesson, etc.

Adverbial Adverbs, formed from adverbs, mainly express spatial and temporal relationships: near, along, instead of, inside, near, around, contrary to, after, in front, except, on the contrary, about, on top, behind, against, behind, on top, over , through, among, etc.);

Verbal verbs are formed from verbal forms (gerunds) and express various adverbial relations: thanks to, excluding, despite, despite, after, etc.

Opposite words Independent parts of speech Derived prepositions Nouns and prepositions of nouns. To put money into the account; make mistakes in the investigation; bends in the river flow; be in prison; keep in mind; believe in strength. Talk about work; troubles due to negotiations; talk for an hour; say at the end of the lecture; be late due to bad weather; stay due to circumstances. Adverbs and prepositions formed from adverbs. Look around, look around, be close, walk along, live in the house opposite, be near, be in front, be inside. Turn around an axis, walk around a pond, be near an object, walk along a road, stand in front of a house, be near a patient, be in front of everyone, be indoors. Participles and prepositions formed from participles. Walk without looking around; stand up, thanking the teacher for the congratulations. Help despite troubles; win thanks to the attacker.

Derivative prepositions, as a rule, are used with one case: thanks to advice according to the rules in defiance of (what?) the forecast against the order towards the wind during the rain during a thunderstorm as (what?) movement due to bad weather due to circumstances

According to their origin, prepositions are divided into:

1) Antiderivatives, or non-derivatives (for example : in, without, from, to, with, on, at, about, under, through, at);

2) Derivatives, that is, formed from other parts of speech - by transforming independent parts of speech into auxiliary ones. For example: preposition around(walk around the house) comes from the adverb around (clearly visible around); pretext during (during the day) comes from the noun flow with a pretext V (river flow); pretext thanks to(thanks to mother's care) formed from a gerund thanks to (We dispersed calmly, thanks to the exhibition managers). Usually derived prepositions are used with any one case.

Derivative prepositions for the purposes of, in connection with, by virtue of etc. are written separately (in order to save time, due to family circumstances, due to poor support).

Derivative prepositions during, in continuation, in conclusion are written separately and have a letter at the end e(within a month, during the conversation, say in conclusion).

Prepositions are written together in view, due to(in meaning because of, due to), about(in meaning O), contrary, despite (despite the rain, despite fate).

Ticket No. 19

1. Application. There are punctuation marks with them.

Application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the defined

word in case. The application characterizes the item by giving it a different name. For example: Seeds fly from an aspen tree - caterpillars and hang on everything. – the caterpillar application identifies an object (seeds), giving it a different name.

The application answers the question: what? (which one? which one? which ones?).

The application may indicate age, profession, degree of relationship, nationality, sign

subject.

Punctuation marks with them

The hyphen is placed:

· If the application comes after the proper name: Moscow is a river, Ivan is a prince.

· If the single application and the word being defined are nouns: cook - literate, house - museum.

· In scientific terms: a doctor is a therapist, a hare is a white hare.

There is no hyphen:

· After the words mister, citizen in combination with nouns: mister director, citizen investigator.

· The names of books, newspapers, organizations, which are applications, do not agree with the word being defined in the case. They are enclosed in quotation marks and used in the nominative case form: We approached the motor ship “Irtysh”. We learned about Pugachev’s uprising from the story by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

2. SPP with attributive clauses.

Subordinate clauses answer questions Which? which? which? Refer to and define the nouns of the main clauses. Contact nouns can act as any member of the main clause. For example:

1. The minute has come (what minute?), When I understood the full value of these words.

2. Delicacy in communicating with each other and with all other people has long become a law for them (what law?), which, like any real law, it was not subject to circumstances.

3. To people (which people?), whichknow how to hold themselves with dignity under fire, they forgive a lot.

Subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence using allied words which, which, whose, what, when, where, whither, from where and unions what to. For example:

1. Student (which student?), which studies without desire, is a bird without wings.

2. It was such a night (what night?), Whatin the darkness it was impossible to distinguish even the windows.

To highlight a contact noun and a subordinate clause, demonstrative words are added to the noun such or That. For example:

1. Then I started asking about that place (which place exactly?), Where we are located.

2. There is no such force (what kind of force?) whichwould allow me to leave my native land.

Subordinate clauses always come after the noun to which they refer and, therefore, occupy a place after the main clause or in its middle. For example:

1. But there was a pre-exam interview at the university ahead, Where we were supposed to meet.

2. On the marble staircase, which V the usual term “palace of science” emphasized the word “palace”, Irina caught up with me.

Ticket No. 20

1. Functional parts of speech.

Functional parts of speech, unlike independent ones, do not have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning, do not change, are not separate members of the sentence, they perform only service functions in the sentence.

Prepositions are used to express the relationship of a noun, numeral and some pronouns to other words in speech. Prepositions help connect words in a phrase, clarify the meaning of a statement, and add adverbial meanings. So, in the sentence I’ll come to Moscow at five o’clock in the evening there are no excuses for the train being late. Although in general the phrase is understandable, still the prepositions from (expresses spatial relations - from Moscow), in (expresses temporal relations - at five in the evening), as a result of, due to (express circumstantial, causal relations - due to being late) would help faster and more accurately comprehend what was said. The use of prepositions, taking into account grammatical norms, is a prerequisite for good and correct speech. Thus, the preposition in correlates only with the preposition from, and the preposition with - with the preposition on. One can say (came) to school - from school (but not “from school”), (came) from the Caucasus - to the Caucasus (but not “from the Caucasus”); You can’t say “due to being late” - only because of being late. We must remember that the prepositions according to, in spite of, thanks to are used with nouns in the dative case: according to the order, despite criticism, thanks to a friend. Prepositions usually come before | the word with which they are used. Conjunctions are function words that connect homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence.

Coordinating conjunctions (and, neither-nor, also, also, but, but, however, or, either, something) connect homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence: A light breeze woke up and then subsided. (I. Turgenev.) Only the heart beats, and the song sounds, and the string quietly rumbles. (A. Surkov.) Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three categories according to their meaning:

1) connecting(“both this and that”): yes (= and), and-and, neither-nor, also, also, not only-but and, how-so and;

2) adversative(“not this, but this”): but, a, yes (= but), but, however;

3) dividing(“either this, or that”): either, either, this, not this, not that. Subordinating conjunctions (that, so that, because, as if) connect parts of a complex sentence: The sun was already high when I opened my eyes.
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into categories according to their meaning:

1) explanatory(indicate what they are talking about): what, in order, as if, as if to others;

2) temporary: when, barely, how, as soon as, before, etc.;

3) causal: because, since, etc.;

4) target: so that, in order to, in order to, etc.;

5) conditional: if, once, if, etc.;

6) concessional: although, despite the fact that, etc.;

7) investigative: So;

8) comparative: as, as if, as if, etc.

In complex sentences, the role of a conjunction connecting parts of a sentence can be played by relative pronouns (which, whose, which, who, what, how much) and adverbs (where, where, when, from where, why, why, why). They are called allied words. Unlike conjunctions, allied words are members of a sentence: We approached the house where my friend lives.

Particles serve to form the forms of words and to express different shades of meaning in a sentence: The same word, but I wouldn’t have said it that way. - the particle would (said would) forms the conditional mood of the verb; What a delight these tales are! - the particle that expresses delight, adds an exclamatory meaning; Let everyone be happy! - let the particle form the imperative mood of the verb to be.

The particles involved in the formation of verb forms are called formative.

Particles that convey different meanings are called modal. Modal particles can express*:

1) negation: not, neither;

2) gain: even, after all, after all;

3) question: really, really;

4) exclamation: well, what the;

5) doubt: hardly, hardly;

6) clarification: exactly, just;

7) allocation, restriction: only;

8) indication: there, there.

Particles neither and nor are often found in our speech. The particle does not convey negation: not you, couldn’t, not a friend, but in double negation (couldn’t help but know) and in interrogative-exclamation sentences (Who doesn’t know Pushkin’s fairy tales!, i.e. everyone knows) the particle does not lose its negative meaning .

The particle no most often has an intensifying meaning; it strengthens the negation when it is expressed by the particle not or words meaning “no, it’s impossible”: Neither rain nor snow stopped us, i.e. neither rain nor snow stopped us; There is not a cloud in the sky, that is, there are no clouds in the sky. The particle is not found in set expressions (neither alive nor dead), in the subordinate part of a sentence like No matter how many times I read this book, I am always interested, that is, although I have read this book many times, I am still interested. Particles are not and are written separately from the words they refer to.

2. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

I..Expository clauses answer case questions. They refer to sentence members that are expressed by verbs that require additional explanations, For example: Irina Petrovna said ( what did you say?) that he is leaving for Leningrad tomorrow. No wonder it is said ( what is being said?) that the master's work is afraid. Let's ask Victor ( What do we ask for?) so that he would bring an album with stamps. It seemed to me ( what did it seem like?), as if the room smelled of flowers.

Explanatory clauses are attached to the words being explained by conjunctions and that, so that, as if. When it is necessary to highlight what is being reported in a subordinate clause, an indicative word is added to the word being explained in the main clause, For example: The speaker spoke passionately about the need to increase labor productivity first of all.

II. Explanatory clauses can refer not only to verbs, but also to other words, For example:

I'm glad ( what are you happy about?) that you have successfully completed your work. He came pleased that ( what are you happy with?) that he received an excellent mark for his essay. A message about ( about what?) that the spacecraft landed safely quickly spread around the world. She promised that she would come in the morning. (Wed: She assured that she would come in the morning.)

A special group consists of explanatory clauses, which are attached not by conjunctions, but by allied words, For example: Children feel ( what do they feel?), who loves them. I really wanted to know ( to learn what?) what is in this box. I hid everything ( what were you hiding?), which is why my sister caught a cold.

Ticket No. 21

1. Introductory words

Introductory words These are the words with which the speaker expresses his attitude towards what he is reporting.

Introductory words stand out during pronunciation by intonation. Introductory words can express:

· confidence (of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, etc.),

for example: The rain will stop soon, of course.

· uncertainty, assumption (it seems, probably, obviously, apparently, maybe, perhaps, perhaps etc.)

etc.), for example: The rain seems to be stopping soon.

· this or that feeling (fortunately, to general joy, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, etc.), for example:

The rain, fortunately, soon stopped.

In addition, with the help of introductory words, the speaker can indicate who the message belongs to (according to the newspapers, according to someone, according to someone, in my opinion, etc.), for example: Tomorrow, according to the weather bureau, it will be raining.

Using introductory words, the speaker can also indicate the order in which phenomena follow, the connection between them (firstly, secondly, finally, therefore, so, for example, vice versa, etc.), for example: My eldest my brother, firstly, works at a car factory, and secondly, studies at night school. He worked and studied all winter. Therefore, he needs to have a good rest in the summer.