When a hard sign is written. Words with a hard sign: main groups and spelling rules. Examples of words with separator ь

Soft dividing sign: blizzard, beating, sparrows, etc. Solid dividing sign: entrance, enter, object, etc. In Russian, b is only disjunctive, but b can also denote the imperative mood of a verb (eat), and the 2nd person singular (see).

The separating soft sign is present in the following words:

1. Blizzard, trees, embers;
2. Lights, skates, feathers;
3. Primorye, broth, apple tree;
4. Big, hospital, take it;
5. Seventh, eighth, slides;
6. Beware, glazier, letter;
7. Postman, medallion, champignon;
8. Family, shaving, seeing each other;
9. Cut, albatross, alternative;
10. Field marshal, pedestal, billiards.

The separating solid sign is present in the following words:

1. Announcement, adjutant, patrol;
2. Detour, scope, explanation;
3. Entrance, explain, drive up;
4. Edible, shriveled, eaten;
5. Shooting, immense, rise;
6. Conjunctivitis, trans-European, subject;
7. Disjunction, injection, quadruple;
8. Supernatural, departure, present;
9. Pan-European, inter-tier, counter-tier;
10. Notorious, explained, disconnect.

Total: 60 such words.

Examples of words with separating b (soft sign): necklace, estate, broth, medallion, peasant, sparrows, nightingales, viut.

Examples of words with the separating b (hard sign): present, announce, entrance, congress, bunk, adjutant, present, present, entry, ate.

Examples of words with soft separators:

Icicle, trees, computer, cookies, housing, health, fun, battalion, pavilion, winds, sews, medallion, glass, leaves, bindweed, curly

Examples of words with hard separators:

Entrance, congress, supernatural, enraged, eat, prank, removable, detachable, connector, move in, announcement, announce, flaw

With proper practice, you can quickly and accurately determine in which cases it is necessary to write b or b.



A soft separating sign can be at the root of a word: computer, bindweed, clerk, pedestal, weeds, canyon, broth;

between the root and suffix of the word: nightingale singing, sparrow tail;

between the suffix and the end of the word: frog skin, wolf's lair;

The separating solid sign is usually written after Russian prefixes ending in a consonant, before a root with initial letters e, y, I: entrance, shrunk, pre-anniversary, notorious.

This sign separates roots in compound words with initial two-, three-, four-, provided that the second root again begins with the letters e, yu, i: trilingual, two-tier, four-yard.

In foreign words with the elements ab-, ad-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, sub-, trans- we write b:

subject, injection, disjunction, adjunct, conjecture.

The dividing solid sign is written in words before the vowels e, yu, I in cases after the prefix - go, enraged, cowered, explain, bypass, ate. Also in complex words, after a layer of two or three. For example, three-tier, two-story, two-yolk (egg), etc.

The writing of a soft separating sign is different in that it should not be written after the prefix, but may even be included in the root. For example, necklace, nightingales, choker, wolf, biscuits, dress, pours, drinks, beats, etc.

A soft sign is written as a separator in the middle of a word or as a softening sign at the end (mouse, quiet, game, daughter, elk, nail), here are examples of a separator:

fun, articles, shreds, twigs, draw, rags.

Now examples of a separating solid sign:

Entrance, exit, entrance, eaten away, announcement, flaw.

Separating soft sign (b), for example, in the words: drinks, zealously, Vietnam, blizzard, Newton, New York, solitaire, Ob;

dividing solid sign in words (Ъ): announcement, separation, moved out, entrance, conjuncture, conjunctivitis, object.

A soft sign between two consonants. Separates consonants

writing, hospital, mowing, carving.

a soft sign separates a consonant and a vowel

jam, goodbye.

a hard sign separates a consonant and a vowel

ad, immense.

A lot of words. In any text there are a couple of words with soft or hard signs.

Dividing symbol: bathhouse, blizzard, broth, postman, broth, lotion, blizzard, family, play.

Separating ъ solid sign: volume, injection, adjutant, flaw, entrance, interlingual, rise, two-tier.

>>Russian language 2nd grade >>Russian language: Separating soft sign (ь)

Separating soft character(s)

The role and meaning of the soft sign in Russian

Today in the Russian language lesson we will study a special letter, which is called a soft sign. Such a letter, as a soft sign, does not have or indicate any sound, but its role is to indicate the softness of consonant sounds in the letter.

For example: bathhouse, stranded, coal, seal, laziness, pity, horse.

But, in addition to the fact that the soft sign is an indicator of the softness of consonant sounds, it can also be dividing.

And so, now we can sum up the results and conclude that such a letter as a soft sign is used in the Russian language:

To soften the preceding consonant;
As a separator;
To indicate certain grammatical forms.

We have already determined when it is necessary to write a soft sign in words to soften consonants. Now let's try to understand the separating soft sign and find out why a soft sign is also called a separating sign, in which cases a soft sign is a separating sign, and how words with a separating soft sign are written.

In order to better understand this topic and understand the difference between a soft sign, which serves to soften consonant sounds, and a dividing soft sign, let’s try to consider this issue with an example.

For example: Seed and family

Read these words carefully. Now pay attention to how the last syllable sounds in the first word - seed. In this word “seed” the sound [m"] has a soft sound, since the letter I gives it softness, and in this syllable the vowel and consonant are pronounced together.

Now let's look at the next word. The word “family” is [sem "ya]. In this case, we see that the consonant and the vowel following it are pronounced separately. Such a separate pronunciation between a vowel and a consonant in writing is indicated using a soft sign, which is called a separating soft sign.

For example: Kolya - stakes, salt - salt, flight - pouring.

Therefore, we can already conclude that the separating soft sign indicates that the consonant and vowel sounds are pronounced separately.

Rules for writing a soft separating character

The separating ь (soft sign) is written:

Firstly, in the middle of the word before the vowels: e, e, yu, i. For example: blizzard, terrier, monkey, health, linen, leaves.

Secondly, in words of foreign origin before the letter O. For example: champignons, postman, broth.

Thirdly, the separating soft sign is written at the roots of words, after consonants. For example: December, barley, sparrows, steppe, night.

Also, you need to remember that the separating soft sign is never written:

First, the words come first;
Secondly, after the consoles.

Now let's carefully look at the picture and try to compare the difference between the soft sign, which serves to soften the consonant and the dividing soft sign:

Homework

1. Read carefully the words with a soft sign and first write down only those in which the soft sign acts as an indicator of softness, and then - words with a separating soft sign.

Moth, dress, family, skates, day, chairs, wool, streams, stakes, ice hole, laziness, despondency, housing, friends, bathhouse, health, jelly, coat, autumn, letter, downpour, computer, corduroy, Daria, happiness, fun, sadness.

2. Choose antonyms for these words and say what role does the soft sign play in them?

Cleanliness, boredom, work, harm, light, enemies, sugar.

3. Write down the words in the plural:

Friend, leaf, wing, branch, log, tree.

4. When writing a separator, what sound do you hear in the words?
5. Solve the crossword puzzle.

Questions for the crossword:

1. What else can you call a snowstorm?
2. Where do bees live?
3. Dad, mom, I are friendly….
4. An animal that loves to climb trees.
5. Carlson’s favorite treat.

Dividing ъ before letters her), Yu, I, And is written:

1. after consonant prefixes;
2. in compound words after two- , three- , four- .

For example: once ъ rides, with ъ capacity, before ъ anniversary, about ъ reveal two ъ tiered.

Dividing b written before her), Yu,I, And in all other cases. For example: to stat b e, rouge b e, b b yut, friend b I, hand b And.

Notes

1. ъ not written before A, O, at, uh (agitate, window sill, be able to, save), as well as in compound words (for example: kids).
2. ъ written in foreign words after prefixes hell-, in-, con-, about-, sub-, trance- and after the first part of a compound word ( hell ъ Utah, in ъ lecture, con ъ juncture, about ъ ect, sub ъ ect, trans ъ European, Feld ъ huntsman).
3. b written in some foreign words after O (battle b he, mailed b he, bull b he, comrade b He and etc.).

Letter s after consoles

After prefixes ending in a consonant, instead of And letter is written s according to pronunciation, for example: play with s play, skillful - without s tasty, without s active.

Letter And saved:

1. in words with prefixes above- And inter- , For example: between And editorial, above And refined;
2. in words with foreign prefixes, for example: des And information, counter And gra, trance And Ransky.

Note

In compound words, after the preceding consonant, the letter And saved, for example: sport And inventory.

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In the Russian language, soft and hard signs have one common function - dividing.

1. Separating Kommersant written before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I after Russian or foreign language prefixes ending in a consonant or in compound words, where the first part is two-, three-, four-, and the second part begins with E, Yo, Yu, I. For example, corrosive, subjective, two-tiered.

REMEMBER: courier, four-act.

2. Separating b written before vowels E, E, Yu, I, I inside a word. Found in foreign words b before ABOUT, For example: blizzard, dress, nightingales, battalion.

3. b used to denote softness at the end of a word: shampoo, stone; after L before other consonants (except L): balsam, glazier; after a soft consonant before a hard one: letter, nanny; in numerals (denoting tens and hundreds) from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900: eight hundred, seventy.

REMEMBER: b not written in combinations H And SCH with other consonants, in combination of letters NN, ZN, SN, NT, ST, ZD: babysit, nocturnal, monkey.

1. b is used to denote grammatical forms:

at the end of third declension nouns: mouse, rye;

· at the end of adverbs ending in hissing: all over, backwards, gallop, backhand(BUT: already, married, unbearable);

· in the infinitive form of the verb : wash, love;

· in the 2nd person singular present and future tense: eat, write;

· in the instrumental case: children, eight;

in particles: only.

Task 1. Rewrite the words, insert the missing letters.

1) in...cautious, 2) from...reveal, 2) from...yat, 4) white...floor, 5) piano...yano, 6) adjutant, 7) n...yuans, 8) nine...yu, 9) head...yuzhit, 10) inter..yuer, 11) os...lamprey, 12) p...edestal, 13) film...capacity, 14) warm...capacious, 15) trans...European, 16) third...annual, 17) three ...tiered, 18) four...storeyed, 19) pass...yans, 20) champignon...on. 21) without...nuclear, 22) var...irovanie, 23) bondage...ero, 24) in...reality, 25) injection...injection, 26) from...yang, 27) mail...on, 28) mouse...yak, 29) fe...eton, 30) inter...linguistic, 31) un...unified, 32) with...capacious, 33) feld...jaeger, 34) four...tier, 35) kan...on, 36) man...chursky, 37) district... e, 38) hugs, 39) conjunctivitis, 40) drive up.

Topic: Text analysis.

Exercise No. 1

Last year something bad happened to me. I was walking along the street, slipped and fell... I fell badly, it couldn’t have been worse: my face hit the curb, I broke my nose, my whole face was broken, my arm popped out in my shoulder. It was approximately seven o'clock in the evening. In the city center, on Kirovsky Prospekt, not far from the house where I live.

With great difficulty I got up - my face was covered in blood, my hand hung like a whip. I wandered into the nearest entrance 5 and tried to calm the blood with a handkerchief. Where there, she continued to whip, I felt that I was holding on in a state of shock, the pain was rolling in more and more, and I had to do something quickly. And I can’t speak - my mouth is broken.

I decided to turn back home.

I walked down the street, I think not staggering: I walked holding a bloody handkerchief to my face, my coat was already glistening with blood. I remember this path well - about three hundred meters. There were a lot of people on the street. A woman and a girl, some couple, an elderly woman, a man, young guys walked towards me, all of them at first looked at me with curiosity, and then averted their eyes, turned away. If only someone along this path would come up to me and ask what was wrong with me, if I needed help. I remembered the faces of many people - apparently with unconscious attention, heightened expectation of help...

The pain confused my consciousness, but I understood that if I lay down on the sidewalk now, they would calmly step over me and walk around me. We need to get home.

Later I thought about this story. Could people mistake me for being drunk? It seems that no, it is unlikely that I made such an impression. But even if they took me for a drunk... They saw that I was covered in blood, something happened - I fell, hit myself - why didn’t they help, didn’t they at least ask what was wrong? So, passing by, not getting involved, not wasting time, effort, “this doesn’t concern me” has become a familiar feeling?

Thinking, I remembered these people with bitterness, at first I was angry, accused, perplexed, indignant, but then I began to remember myself. And I looked for something similar in my behavior. It’s easy to blame others when you’re in a difficult situation, but you definitely have to remember yourself. I can’t say that I had exactly such a case, but I discovered something similar in my own behavior - the desire to step away, evade, not get involved... And, having exposed himself, he began to understand how familiar this feeling had become, how it had warmed up and imperceptibly taken root.

Unfortunately, our abundant conversations about morality are often too general. And morality... it consists of specific things - of certain feelings, properties, concepts.

One of these feelings is the feeling of mercy. The term is somewhat outdated, unpopular today and even seems to have been rejected by our life. Something characteristic only of former times. “Sister of mercy”, “brother of mercy” - even the dictionary gives them as “obsolete.” , that is, outdated concepts.

In Leningrad, in the area of ​​Aptekarsky Island, there was Mercy Street. They considered this name obsolete and renamed the street to Textile Street.

To take away mercy means to deprive a person of one of the most important effective manifestations of morality. This ancient, necessary feeling is characteristic of the entire animal community, the bird community: mercy for the defeated and injured. How did it happen that this feeling became overgrown in us, died out, turned out to be neglected? You can object to me by citing many examples of touching responsiveness, condolences, and true mercy. There are examples, and yet we feel, and have been for a long time, the decline of mercy in our lives. If only it were possible to make a sociological measurement of this feeling.

I am sure that a person is born with the ability to respond to the pain of others. I think that this is innate, given to us along with our instincts, with our soul. But if this feeling is not used 5 and not exercised, it weakens and atrophies.

Exercise assignment:

Read the text from D. Granin's book "Fulcrum". The article is called "On Mercy". Is this text an argument? Name the main features of the text and this type of speech, prove your opinion.

1) What is the main thesis of this text? What arguments are used to prove it? Are there enough of them? What is the conclusion? Do you agree with this conclusion?

2) What types of speech, besides reasoning, are used in this text?

We repeat the spelling.

1. Final consonants in prefixes (except for prefixes on h-c) over-, under-, before-, before -, from-, about- are always written the same way, no matter how they sound: train – grind, cut – inscription.

2. Consoles without-, through-, from-, bottom-, once-, through-, through- written with a letter Z before vowels and voiced consonants, and with the letter WITH before voiceless consonants: tasteless, heartless, worldview, extremely, excessively.

3. On consoles times- (dis-) or rose- (ros-) written under stress ABOUT, written without accent A: search, search, painting, painted.

Exception: wanted .

REMEMBER: calculation, prudent, count, settle, quarrel.

4. Set-top box With- written before voiceless and voiced consonants: cut down, knock down. In words here, building, health, no way is part of the root.

Fill in the missing letters in the words:

and...following; ra…to know; be...treasured; b...shabby; and...flow; ra…reduced; deathless; ra... to provoke; ra... trample; and...scoop; r...write-off; r…investigative department, r…looking for a book, give r…list.

We repeat the spelling.

Consoles pre-, pre- differ in meaning:

a) prefix pre- close:

* to the meaning of the word “very”: cute;

* to the meaning of the word “differently”: transform, wrangle;

* denotes an action reaching an extreme degree: surpass;

b) prefix at -:

* indicates spatial proximity: coastal;

* joining or approaching: get closer, solder;

* performing an action incompletely: cover, lie down;

* bringing the action to completion: swim, accustom;

* action performed in the interests of the subject: appropriate, pocket.

It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words:

REMEMBER: pursue, neglect, claims, obstacle, challenger, prestige, president, prerogative, punctuation marks; pretend, privilege, private, priority.

Exercise. Write down the phrases, insert the missing letters.

1) give in to dreams, 2) give in to circumstances, 3) a picture without pr...beauty, 4) give in to misunderstanding, 5) give in to ridicule, 6) signs of kicking, 7) give in to memories . .

Although the letters b and b themselves do not represent any sounds, they are written in order to pronounce words correctly. Compare, for example: seed (without a soft sign) and family (with a separating soft sign). To remember when to write a soft sign and when to write a hard sign, you need to learn the following rules.

The dividing b is written inside a word (in the root or suffix, but not after the prefix) before the letters E, E, Yu, Ya, I (blizzard, weeds, fox), as well as in some borrowed (foreign) words before the letter O (broth , sir, guillotine). A soft sign usually softens the consonant sound preceding it and, in addition, forces us to pronounce an additional sound [Y].

The letter ъ is written only before e, e, yu, i in the following cases:

1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, expression of will, inter-tier.
2. In complex words after the numerals two-, three-, four-, for example: three-tiered.
3. In foreign words after foreign language prefixes ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans- and after the initial compound particle pan-, for example: adjutant, disjunction , injection, interactional, conjuncture, counter-tier, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.

Examples of words with the separator ъ

Arrival, approach, departure, departure, volume, pre-anniversary, express, will, manifestation, embrace, immense, furious, super natural, shooting, ruffle (hair), cower, clarified (sky), combine, ad, edible, lifting (crane).

Two-language, three-tier, four-tier.

Adjutant, injection, conjuncture, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.

Examples of words with separator ь

Health, happiness, pours, beats, winds, curls, winds of the south, seven, another sparrow, flake, play, barrier, linen, brilliant, buryan, wind, interview , fox and, gun, I'm naughty, crawl, drink, drink, friend, serious, Tatyana, Mary, sew, sew, spill, monkey, night, leaf, tree I, bird and climbing plants, in the hive, studio, zealous (worker), (make) a speech, (own) a thing.

He’s a battle, he’s a postman, he’s a broth, he’s a pavilion, he’s a company, he’s a medal, he’s a min, he’s a champigne.

Assignment: write down 20 words each with a hard separator and a soft separator.

Filming, entry, went, entrance, announce, separation, announcement, explanation, congress, notorious, lift, scraps, embraced, cringed, pre-anniversary, explain, unwind, eaten up, furious, edible.

Lukomorye, curling, flakes, chickens, blizzard, Tatyana, monkey, serious, barrier, sparrows, linen, dress, hare, rural, trees, animals, harmony, happiness, family, girlish.